A Lesson Before Dying Essay Example for Free

A Lesson Before Dying EssayThe economic downswing of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local equity enforcement agencies. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, the united States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II (Wiseman 2011). The impact of this downturn get out result in a change of how lawfulness enforcement profits argon delivered.As has been discussed by the COPS Office film director, Bernard Melekian, in a series of recent articles published in the Community Policing Dispatch, expectations will not be lowered just because an agency now has fewer officers, or because the cypher is limited. Simply doing less while waiting for local calculates to recover to pre-2008 levels is not a viable option. Law enforcement leaders atomic number 18 faced with reckon contractions that are in subscribe to to identified in different ways to deliver constabulary servi ces and, perhaps more alphaly, articulate what the new public safety models will look like to their communities (Melekian 2011a).The effects of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the next 510 years, or worse, permanently. These changes could be permanently driven not just by the economy, but by local government officials who determined that allocating 3050 percent of their general fund budgets for public safety costs is no longer a pecuniary possibility (Melekian 2011b). While it appears that the economy is beginning to recover on the national level, most economists agree that local jurisdictions are still in decline and will continue to be so, at least in the short term.Due to the decline of tax revenues because of Foreclosures County and municipal budgets tend lagging behind the general economy, which is star of the main source of funding for local agencies. Agencies are excessively faced with the budget realities, the current model for service d eliverywhich has been with us for the last 50 yearsis already starting to change, and will be forced to continue to change dramatically and rapidly in the next 35 years. law departments clear been star of the affected by the current economic climate.Restricting revenues nationwide have forced local governments to make cuts in spending crosswise the board, which has affected everything to include public safety operating budgets. However, while these budget cuts are threatening law enforcement jobs the responsibility to serve and protect remain. There has been no methodical way of measuring the effect the economic downturn has had on police agencies across our nation. A favourable example is how Nigeria has been experiencing difficulties in cipher implementation.The purpose of the article was to present alternative forms of budgeting and after exposition on them, to recommend one that could mitigate budget implementation problem for Nigeria. Two types of budgeting dole outed ar e incremental and zero-base. Under incremental budgeting, a certain percentage is added or subtracted from previous periods figures to arrive at new periods budget. Under zero bases, every curriculum is reevaluated for its merits, as if previous budgets never existed. The starting points are the results hoped to turn over, and every debate about budget implementation is done prior to passage.Zero base budgeting is like to marketing concept in terms of culture requirement and zeroing in on customized needs. To the extent that zero base budgeting plans, executes and controls, it serves as a management tool. Nigerias budgeting has been incremental, excessively politicized and not carried out by experts, but merely based on benchmark price and quota of daily oil production. Factors militating against proper budgeting in Nigeria are distortions in pecuniary transparency. Budget implementation in Nigeria is a critical problem.M all have blamed our poor socio-economic and infrastruct ural development on low degree of budget implementation, which is a result of incremental budgeting process. The paper therefore recommends zero based budgeting to Nigeria at all levels (GJSS, 2012). Sometimes inefficiencies result due to poor integration of the pay and strategy. Budgeting and performance are typically overseen by the finance department, whereas planning s coordinated by strategy department. Often, the two processes arent well integrated,resulting in strategies that are a great deal dictated by the budget process instead of vice versa (Gary 2003). The reason for this could be that everyone involved may be attempting to accomplish the same goals, but also trying to make sure that the outcome will be beneficial to them, such as a substantial bonus or a reward. A budget cycle refers to the whole process from the commencement of developing a budget to the execution of the final charge on the budget. Since the majority of the budgets are active for a one year period, budget cycles cover the costs and expenditures for a period of one year.However, there are budget cycles that run for more than one year period. Government budgets have a budget cycle of at least 18 months from the conception of the various departments budgets to the time the appropriation bills are sign(a) into law (Hyde, 2001). The initial steps of the budget cycle take place in the various departments and agencies. The program officers in the various departments compile all information that is necessary in the preparation of the budget. The budget cycle culminates with the presidents budget application to the Congress.This often takes place in February (USDOJ, 2011). A budget refers to a list of premeditated revenues and expenses. It represents a tool for savings and expenditure. A budget stand also be defined as an organizational plan that is verbalize in monetary terms. It is used as a road map for conducting the activities, objectives, assumptions, and strategies of an org anization. A budget cycle is comprised of various stages. Budget planning for the new fiscal year marks the first step of the budget cycle, while closing and carry forward activities mark the end of a budget cycle (Hyde, 2001).The steps outlined below are steps of a sample governments budget cycle Budget submissions this entails the submission of the budget plans to the respective Budget Offers in various government departments. The budgets are reviewed and approved. Budget approval this entails the executive committee approving the budget. The Initial Budget Authorizations are then submitted to the respective supervisors who address the respective cost items. Global Changes the salaries are adjusted so that they reflect salary increases that are permitted by the Salary Subcommittee and the Human Resources Department.Closing this entails the closure of the budgets at the end of the fiscal year. Carry forwards it entails carrying forward all the unspent money to the following fiscal year. This marks the last step in the budget cycle. In most instances, law enforcement management prepares master budget for the coming year. The master budget includes the projected expenses and maintenance which is incorporated in the master budget and other smaller budgets such as training, overtime, marketing, administrative, and departmental budgets.By establishing an operating and financial budget for a future period, management kitty identify problems in advance. This buns be maintained by forecasting for future predictions. A forecast is a reflection of the future. When forecasting is taken into account, two key aspects to visit are cash budgets and expenditure forecast. In most instances, budgets are and should be prepared for a future period such as an oncoming explanation or financial year. They are detailed by quarters or months. Typically, annual budgets are not altered once the year begins.However, budgets should not be rigid so as to prevent timely actions if need arises. Instead, budgets should only act as a guide rather than a restriction. However, there are rare circumstances when an annual budget should be revised such as due to a radical change in the business environment. Budgets are also important for obtaining funding since they portray an organizations capacity to the lending institutions and financiers. Additionally, budgets are important management tools, they aid in setting milestones that need accountability to achieve, and aid an organization in identifying risks and establishing benchmarks.Thus, budgets facilitate the process of making adjustments to avoid risks, and to measure the benchmarks. Understanding the significance of budgeting marks the first step towards no-hit financial planning. It plays a significant role in the strategic planning process by an organization. It outlines the future financial goals and needs of an organization such as technological needs, overhead needs, financial requirements, and capital improve ments. I have a very strong opinion that budgeting should not be scrapped, rather be change to meet the current business environment.Organizations would have to restructure compensation programs so that managers no longer have an incentive to favors short-term goals over the longer-term. Budgeting will have to be flexible to be able to be adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in organizational goals and the economic environment. Again, accounting department should be responsible for compiling only budget information they should not determine the budgeting process. Management, through the planning process should determine the budget, and all departments should be included in the process. Budgeting should be both top down and bottom up i.e. upper level management and middle level management will both choke to finalize a budget. We can streamline the budgeting process by developing a financial model. Financial models can facilitate what if analysis so we can assess decisions before they are made. This can dramatically improve the budgeting process. One of the biggest challenges within financial planning and budgeting is how do we make it value-added. Budgeting requires clear channels of communication, fight down from upper-level management, participation from various personnel, and predictive characteristics.Budgeting should not strive for accuracy, but should strive to support the decision making process. If we focus too much on accuracy, we will end-up with a budgeting process that incurs time and costs in excess of the benefits derived. The challenge is to make financial planning a value-added activity that helps the organization achieve its strategic goals and objectives. In order for department to compensate for dwindling budget, many law enforcement officer have had to learn how to focus on what can they can sacrifice from their normal lifestyle in order to offset the reduction in available spending.Some of these sacrifices have included families foregoing summer vacations, or shopping in discount stores instead of department stores they are accustomed too. However, today law enforcement agencies are faced with the difficult task of maintaining the same service that their communities expect despite the extreme reduction in available resources. And, in order for them to deliver the same high level of protection and emergency reactivity that the communities depend on, law enforcement agencies must find new and inventive techniques to address those needs in cost-effective and maintainable way.Agencies must have a good understanding of how budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. Budgeting has a significant role in the strategic planning process by any organization. It provides the framework for future financial goals and the needs of an organization such as technical equipment like laptops, radios, and side arms. It also shows the overhead needs, and departmental financial requirements. It can als o outline the costs involved in order to get the resources that are required to meet their financial goals. Developing abudget is an important tool for determining the departments performance, in motivating the upper-management, other members of staff, and measuring the results towards accomplishing the organizations financial goal. References Gary, L (2003) Breaking the Budget Impasse. Pg 3, Retrieved kinsfolk 30, 2013, Idio, U. S. (2012). THE BUDGET AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL ZERO BASE BUDGETING, PANACEA TO BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1036581432? accountid=32521 http//www. cops. usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact. pdf Melekian, B. , (2011a). Directors Message. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 3. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/03-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Melekian, B. , (2011b). Directors Column July 2011. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no . 7. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/07-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Wiseman, J. , (2011). strategical Cutback Management Law Enforcement Leadership for Lean Times. Research for Practice, Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 232077.

Richard Hamilton Artist Analysis

Richard Hamilton Artist AnalysisShae EakrightClipping images from American magazines, Richard Hamilton creates an image of a home that challenges viewers to acknowledge the materialistic thoughts that consumed their minds. As a photomontage, Just What Is It That Makes Todays Homes So Different, So Appealing?, contains several images cut from different sources and appears to be inspired however much by the style and medium of the dada Movement. The economy in Britain at the time Hamilton created this piece was suffering from the war. The British bulk were odd with few consumer indulgences. As a result of this, the British people appreciated the advancements in technology and the mass amounts of consumerism found in America. Richard Hamilton is just one of the many British artistic creationists who embraced and admired American culture, using it in his art to depict on of the themes of the Pop Art Movement.First it is important to note the setting that is illustrated in this image. It is clear that the figures are placed in a home. By looking into each of the objects, we can deduct that it is probably a upkeep way of life. Hamilton has added several features to this work of art that help viewers identify it as a living room, and multiple consumer products that were growing in popularity at the time. There is a couch in the lower right hand corner as swell as a couple lounging chairs found around the room. One of the chairs has a newspaper laying open draped over the armrest. A coffee flurry is placed in front of the couch and supports a teacup and coaster, a napkin, what appears to be a pastry, and a couple books. Next to the couch and the coffee display board is a television with a bowl on fruit sitting on top of it. The TV is on and grounding either a show or an ad with a beautiful woman, eating away a pearl necklace, talking on the phone. A side table sets next to the chair in the center of the image and holds a lamp and a decorative plant. A couple some other decorative plants are placed in the room in other areas as well. An area rug with an unusual pattern fills much of the al-Qaida. There is a stairway leading up to a gateway on the left of the image. On the staircase is a woman using a Hoover vacuum cleaner. Framed photos and bank bills hang on the wall. Besides the woman on the staircase there are two main figures that occupy the room.Hamilton also made sure to add some features and items that wouldnt be found in the typical living room to make viewers question the automatic assumption that this is a living room. To start, the living room is not sheltered by a pileus or roof instead there is an opening that shows an enlarged image of the earth in space. The unusual rug covering the living room floor is actually an distant view of people covering a beach. Besides the lack of a ceiling, there are several other small exposit that stand out, making this an unusual interpretation of a living room. There is a tape record er sitting in the middle of the living room floor. A canned ham rests on the coffee table, acting almost like a vase or decorative sculpture. The Ford logo covers the larger than rule lampshade that is near the center of the image. Instead of art or pictures of family members, the framed photos on the wall are a large comic book poster and a traditional nineteenth century portrait. The comic book poster is titled young Romance and shows an idealized woman standing static with a man holding each of her arms and another man standing behind the two of them. The large window on the side of the wall containing the door opens up to reveal a theater. The vacuum being used reaches from the floor level to the top of the staircase and has an arrow pointing to a spot roughly half(prenominal) the length of the hose that states, ordinary cleaners reach only this far. The two main figures in the image are out of place for the environment they are place in. The man positioned slightly off-center is standing in a body builder pose and looking directly at the viewers. He is wearing only his underwear and is holding a giant Tootsie Pop. The Tootsie Pop has the word POP printed on it in big letters possibly referencing the art driveway that this piece is associated with. The sucker appears to be pointing in the direction of the female figure that is seated on the couch. The woman is only wearing a lampshade on her head and couple small pieces of fabric barely covering her breasts. She is situated in a suggestive pose that appears to be very uncomfortable for restful on the couch.Hamilton provides viewers with a work of art that includes several topics such as male and female stereotypes, consumerism, mass media, and new developments in technology.

The Earth Charter and the Environment

The Earth Charter and the EnvironmentAccording to (Vilela, Soskolne and McDermott,1997), Buddhist model the creation of the Earth Charter as an enshrined in what is a brief document that embodies the cling tos and ethical principles necessary for the sustainability of life on earth. Move on, chaste excellence Ethics is a trait deemed to be morally excellent and thus is treasured as a foundation of value and good decent beings. personalised virtues argon characteristics valued as promoting individual and collection of wellbeing. This essay give highlight and relate the principles in the Earth Charter to the theory of virtue morals. Moreover, it will also elaborate on how understanding of principles could attention us to address and possibly alleviate an environmental issue in the Pacific.To begin with, the Earth pick out starts with a preamble, provides context and articulates its four major principles Respect and Care for the community of life, Ecological equity, Social a nd Economic justice and Democracy, non-violence and Peace (Earth Charter, 2013). Therefore, the principles assert the elementary value of the ethical system of the Charter, is that all livingbeings have inhering value and that human beings possess an equal inherent lordliness. Each being is understood to be a teleological center of life The moral attitudes that logically follow from these values are enumerated in Principles 1 and 2. Principle 1 asserts obediencefor life and the inherent dignity of persons, and Principle 2 asserts care Care for the community of life with accepting, consideration, and sweetheart. Respect and Care for life and human dignity are the two fundamental moral attitudes required by the Charter. A moral attitude is an understanding and outlook toward other beings that structure specific moral response sand relationships. The values of intrinsic value and dignity require the moral attitudes ofhumans (Taylor, 1986).Respect and Care for life in general and fo r specific manifestations of life on different levels of relationship for compositors case on the human level, respect and care for persons. What follows from virtue ethics are duties to respond to others in componenticularways? Principles pertain to rights and duties that follow from, are necessary to actualize, one(a)s values. These duties are codified in terms of Moral Principles. The moralprinciples are abstract expressions of forms of conduct, of moral responses to the call ofthe other, which one commits to with the adoption of a moral attitude. The moral attitudes of respect and care commit one to certain modes of conduct embodied inprinciples on each level of relationship. A central part of the articulation of the cosmopolitan (Weed and McKeown, 1998) ethics of the Earth Charter is the explication of principles on each level ofrelationship. The four categories of principles in the Charter speak to these different levels of relationship. Standards of character, in turn, per tain to dispositions or character traits thatpre-dispose one toward particular choices and actions. They constitute moral resources that comprise ones moral sensibility, which enables one to act in accordance with what one understands in principle to be right. One can understand what the right thing to do isbut not have the will to do it. Dispositions pertain to the will, the character, to do what is right. A disposition is a character trait that enables one to fulfill ones responsibility, as defined in principle. In addition, standards of character also entail capacities to respond. As Jonathon Glover posits at that place are two broad categories of moral capacities restraint from doing harm and sympathy. These moral resourcesAre capacities and characters of consciousness and of natural human inclination that enhance our capacity to morally respond to others?Mahatma Gandhi once said that, Mother Earth has enough for everyones need, but not enough for everyones greed. The Earth Cha rter Once basic needs have been met, human development is about being more not having more. To understand the principles mentioned in the Earth Charter can only be successful if people are truly concerned about the nature. Therefore, the second half of the essay wills eexplain how an understanding of specific principles in The Earth Charter could help us to address and possibly alleviate one pressing environmental issue in the Pacific.At the Planning and Policy for Ecosystem-Based Management Forum held in January 2010, senior natural resource managers from eight Pacific Island countries recognized the following serious environmental issues sea-level rise and coastal engineering, availability of resources and data, population and socioeconomic change, greenhouse gases and climate change, land-based pollution, livelihood of people food and land security, invasive species, sustaining fish stocks, outdated and conflicting policies and regulations and enforcement (SPREP, 2010). However , as the Pacific mostly relies on sea therefore the populace advance is liable for further burden on the biomes almost universally commercial mining is worsening these effects in assorted cases. Overexploitation for both subsistence and commercial use has caused severe reduction of numerous important food and profitable species. Species such as trochus, crayfish and turtles though are under some form of security and regulations are also endangered.In addition, the second principle in the Earth Charter which states Ecological Integrity has to be completely and properly understood by every begin in order to alleviate the issue of Fish Stock Depletion and Coral Reef Degradation(SPREP, 2010). As the principle suggests to Protect and restore the integrity of Earths ecological structures, with concern for biological diversity and the natural processes that sustain life. According to it, we need to adopt to all levels sustainable development plans and regulations to make environmental con servation and restoration essential to all development advantages, establish and safeguard the Mother Nature and planet reserves, including wild lands and naval areas, to protect Earths life support systems, maintain biodiversity, and preserve our natural heritage. Promote the recovery of endangered species and ecosystems. Control and eliminate non-native or genetically modified entities are dangerous to intrinsic species and the environs, and prevent primer of such harmful organisms. Accomplish the use of renewable resources such as water, soil, forest products, and marine life in ways that do not outstrip rates of redevelopment and that protect the wellbeing of ecosystems. Manage the removal and use of non-renewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels in ways that minimalize depletion and cause no severe environmental destruction. Therefore, if we adhere to the jurisprudences of the nature we will be able to care and respect our nature. For example, there is certain law that has been implanted to protect the marine ecosystem. The first one is the ecosystem approach comprehensive, scientifically substantiated and integrated approach to management of human activity to identify adverse impacts on the marine ecosystem and perform efficient measures for reduction of such impacts preserving integrity and sustainability of the ecosystem (Saeima, 2010). Secondly, the crowd on Protection of Nature in the South Pacific the aim of the Convention is to preserve, exploit and develop the natural resources of the South Pacific region through careful planning and management for the benefit of present and future generations (UNCLOS, 1982).To conclude, we need to bring about these goals, we must agree to live with a sense of universal responsibility, recognizing ourselves with the entire Earth community as well as our native communities. We are at once the citizens of different nations and of one biosphere in which the local and global are interconnected. Everyon e bonds responsibility for the present and future wellbeing of the human family and the larger living biosphere. The spirit of human harmony and relationship with all life is wired when we live with respect for the secret of being, thankfulness for the gift of life, and modesty regarding the human place in nature. Once said For human societies to achieve a productive, healthful, and sustainable relationship with the natural world, the public and private sectors must make environmental considerations an integral part of decision making unquoted.BIBLIOGRAPHYAthanassoulis N, environmental issues for Pacific Island countries www.gefcoral.org//environmentalissuesforpacificislandcountries.aspxChristopher, BA., Likens, GE., Rozzi, R., Gutierrez, JR., 2008 ,Integrating Science and Society through Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research, University Press, New YorkElisa, A 2008, Personhood and Animals, Keele University, United Kingdom, pp.93-175.Emily. B, Aesthetic Character and Aesthetic Integr ity in Environmental Conservation.Folse, Henry J., Jr, 1993 ,The Environment and the Epistemological Lesson of Complementarity, Aron Printers, Sydney.Hardship Vulnerability are Pressing Issues for Pacific Island Countries World Bank, March 11, 2014 www.worldbank.org//hardship-vulnerability-are-pressing-iRalph, RA 1994, Using and Abusing Nietzsche for Environmental Ethics, UK Publishers, London.Taylor, PW 1986, Respect for Nature A Theory of Environmental Ethics Studies inMoral, Political, and Legal Philosophy, Princeton, N.J, Princeton University Press, p. 79.Weed DL and McKeown RE, 1998, Epidemiology and virtue ethics. International Journal of Epidemiology pp. 27 3431

Cardiovascular Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids

Cardiovascular Effects of anabolic androgenic SteroidsTable of Contents mulctINTRODUCTIONBODY ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDSEffectsDesired EffectsAdverse EffectsCONCLUSIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSBIBLIOGRAPHYABSTRACTDoping is a global phenomenon present in transnational sporting events. International sports federations, led by the International Olympic Committee, and the World Anti-doping agency (WADA), incur for the past half century attempted to prohibit the spread of this problem, however, there is still a lot left(a)(p) to be desired. The apparent lack of information with respect to the cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroid hormone usage in competitive sports precipitated the need for a literature check into to present scientific knowledge of the possible effects to the general public. The literature review led to detailed explanations of the cardiovascular effects of anabolic androgenic steroids, their mechanisms of actions and delved into the basis underlying why long-term ab call of these substances leads to physiological malfunctions such as left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarctions and sudden cardiac death.INTRODUCTIONThe creed of the Olympics states that The important affair in games is not winning but taking part. The essential thing is not conquering, but fighting well1. While the objective above is lofty and conveys a sense of discipline and integrity, little of it stand be imbed in the populace of todays sports world. Doping, which can be explained as the use of a substance (such as an anabolic steroid or erythropoietin) or technique (such as gene doping the use of modified or regulation genetic cells) to illegally enhance athletic surgical procedure, has create an essential topic in almost every sport and has somehow been exposed in athletes of all ages and at every level of competition2.Doping substances are not unique to modern sports competitions. Their line of descent dates back to 776 BC when plants and mixtures of wine and herbs were utilize by the early Greek Olympic athletes and Roman gladiators competing in Circus Maximus. Not only were they used for their bear upon effects in speed and endurance events, but also for their ability to mask pain, permitting injured athletes to continue competing. This was a familiar practice that continued until diacetylmorphine and cocaine became legally accessible by prescription in the 1920s. At this point, there was an upsurge in the number of athletes using stimulants as doping substances. During the 1930s, amphetamines also evolved and emerged as the stimulant of choice for athletes.By the time Ben Johnsons gold medal was stripped off in the 1988 Seoul Olympics for using the steroid stanazalol, the world had become much aware of the incidence of doping in sport. The Medical Commission, under the International Olympic Committee (IOC), established a list of illegal substances in 1967 and introduced anti-doping examen of athletes in the 1972 Munich Games. I t was clear at this point that doping substances did perform their expected functions and, if al humiliateded to continue unchecked, would wreak havoc not only to the integrity of sports, but also to the wellness of sportsmen. A number of world class sportspeople, including sprinters like Tyson Gay, Justin Gatlin and Asafa Powell, cyclists like Lance Armstrong and Floyd Landis, footballers like Kolo Toure and Adrian Mutu and fast bowlers like Shoaib Akhtar and Mohammed Asif, turn out been associated with doping.During sports, the rate at which rootage is manage from the heart to the different organs increases and this translates to an increase cardiac output. Cardiac output can be determined by the heart rate (beats per minute) and stroke intensity level (volume of melody pumped per beat or stroke). Doping drugs exert their influence on these parameters either by downplaying or exceeding normal heart function. Some doping drugs produce irregular heartbeats, tachycardia (a rap id heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute) and increased blood pressure. Other drugs have the capacity of blocking fast atomic number 11 channels competitively in nerve cells, hence reducing the amplitude of the action potential and rate of depolarisation, which can cause cardiac dysrhythmias.3The stark reality of todays sports industry, rife with heavy investments and large cash prizes, makes it unsurprising to see athletes and coaches going several lengths to gain competitive advantages and enhance performance at all costs, even to the detriment of the athletes health1. Worldwide, there are varying forms of doping substances organism misused by professional sportsmen, with some being more common and others being potentially unknown. This paper will focus on the respective cardiovascular effects of anabolic agents (anabolic androgenic steroids)4BODY ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDSAnabolism can be defined as the synthesis of substances in the personify. The word anabolic is der ived from the Greek word anabole meaning something which is thrown up or mound. An androgen is a sex hormone responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics. The word androgen is also from the Greek word andros meaning of a man. Anabolic androgenic steroids are drugs that are structurally related to the cyclic rings characteristic of steroids and fall under anabolic agents according to WADA. They are consequently compounds that have the ability to induce higher rates of anabolism in organisms5.The first serious research into anabolic androgenic steroids commenced in the 1930s by the German Chemist Adolf Butenandt, who isolated androstenone from a thousand litres of urine. Further research on the effects of AASs was conducted by 1939 by the World Scientific community. Its use spread among athletes and personate builders by the 1940s and 1950s and resulted in an embargo on its use by the time of the 1972 Olympics.In humans, anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) affect p rotein synthesis positively and protein breakdown negatively. Androgenic anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone. According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), there are two main classes of anabolic androgenic steroids endogenous and exogenous. The endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids include testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione while exogenous anabolic steroids include boldenone, formebolone, metabolome, stanozolol, furazabol and metandienone.6Anabolic androgenic steroids are used by athletes through oral or intramuscular routes in three widespread routines stacking, cycle and pyramiding. Stacking refers to an AAS administration routine in which more than one steroid is used at a time to cause a cumulatively higher effect. Cycling is a routine that involves the administration of an AAS for 6 to 12 weeks, followed by abstention from steroids for 10 to 12 weeks and then re shimmering to administration for another 6 to 12 we eks, effectively cycling the steroid. Pyramiding is another routine, one which stipulates that individuals begin with low doses of AASs and progressively increase the doses over a period of time.Use of AASs was initially envisioned as treatment of HIV-associated heftiness wasting, sarcopenia (gradual age-related loss of skeletal muscle) and hypogonadal males. In juvenile years, however, about 5% to 14% of American college athletes have been using AAS for purposes unrelated to the intended purposes of the compound. A survey conducted in the United States of America also indicated that AAS use among community weight trainers attending gyms and health clubs was about 15% to 30%7Mechanism Of ActionTestosterone, the active component in AASs and its synthetic analogues, acts on target cells (usually skeletal muscles) by adhering to intracellular androgen receptors (AR)8. The AR-steroid complex binds to DNA in the substance, leading to transcription of various genes which lead to the pr oduction of a phalanx of proteins that work to increase the size of muscles and the rate of muscle increase.8 After the binding of the AR-steroid complex, additional messenger RNA (mRNA) are formed. These mRNA move out of the nucleus and into the muscle cell cytoplasm where they bind to ribosomal RNA (rRNA), thus initiating translation, which will cause the synthesis of proteins in the Golgi apparatus12. These extra proteins are then integrated into the muscle cell, increasing its size. Studies have shown that androgen receptors on cells can be up-regulated in response to AAS exposure and by strength training. Upon exposure to testosterone and its analogues, there is hypertrophy of muscles that is as a result of an increase in the number of myocytes nuclei and the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres. Another mechanism by which AASs act is through glucocorticoid antagonism and growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation, which leads to an increase in muscle size and strength.7 Also, AASs act on the heart and major arteries by promoting the release of endothelial nitric oxide and the stifling of smooth muscle tone of the vessels. This particular effect occurs only when physiologic amounts of testosterone and other AASs are present.EffectsDesired EffectsAn amount of testosterone higher than the normal range (a supraphysiologic dose) has the tendency to increase muscle strength and mass by increasing protein synthesis (resulting in muscle hypertrophy) and increasing blood pressure, thereby enhancing the performance of athletes in sports2. It is also used in order to improve upon ones physical appearance and also improve performance in body building. Due to these effects, anabolic androgenic steroids are used mainly by athletes taking part in sports such as baseball, rugby, competitive bodybuilding, competitive cycling and sprinting. Under normal circumstances, androgens are required for physiologic developmental and biological pro cesses involving cardiac myocytes9. Cardiovascular effects of androgens include relaxation of vascular beds, reduction of afterload and dissolute increase in cardiac contractility, causing an increase in cardiac output9 hence, an increase in the supply of oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation in muscles. This results in a rise in the supply of ATP to the muscles, which will in turn enhance endurance and overall performance as more energy is operational to the active muscles.Adverse EffectsMajor adverse effects that occur from prolonged anabolic steroid usage are hypertension, myocardial hypertrophy (especially left ventricular hypertrophy) myocardial infarction, arrhythmias and thromboembolic incidents. The basis of these effects is the action of androgen receptors on the cardiac myocytes as a result of the supraphysiologic AAS doses.At high doses, the vasodilatory effects of physiologic AAS are inhibited, along with an increase in the growth of cardiac tissue under the influence o f GH and IGF-1. The actions of AR-steroid complexes are such that they increase the quantities of secondary messengers, in this case, calcium. increase amounts of calcium in the cytoplasm of cardiac myocytes causes the release of apoptosis-causing factors such as apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-9 and holocytochrome C. This initiates apoptosis, otherwise known as cell death, of the cardiac cells, which will in turn lead to myocardial infarctions.10Another effect of supraphysiologic AAS doses is the elevation of blood pressure that results from renal sodium retention10. Retention of sodium would lead to increase in blood volume as sodium would create an osmotic gradient to draw water to itself. This process will increase venous return and eventually, stroke volume. protracted use of AASs will cause an increase in the diameters of the hearts chambers and also change diastolic function and ventricular relaxation stemming from the invariable increase in venous return (preload). Anot her effect of the increased preload is left ventricular hypertrophy, which is found in a large number of AAS abusers. left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can be explained as increase in size of the muscles in the left ventricle of the heart due to excess action. LVH remains a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and could alternately be caused by direct action of AASs on the myocardium.10 The hypertrophy of the left ventricle is associated with the stimulatory effect of AASs on Growth Hormone (GH), which is directly linked to an increase in the inelastic elements (collagen) and cellular infiltration of the cardiac myocytes.Anabolic androgenic steroids have direct influence on the formation of thrombosis (blood clot resulting from platelets aggregation in a living organism). Thromboxane A2, a powerful platelet aggregator, and fibrinogen are positively affected by AASs. Production of prostacyclin, a form of prostaglandin I2 that acts as a platelet aggregator an tagonist, however, is decreased. By these actions, AASs increase the risk of developing thrombosis as fibrinogen, which is a major factor in clot formation, and thromboxane A2 are increased in circulation while prostacyclin, which prevents the aggregation of platelets, is reduced in circulation. With increased aggregation of platelets, a unloose moving structure known as an embolus is produced. In the event that this embolus lodges in the lumen of a blood vessel and causes a halt in blood flow, thromboembolism is said to have occurred. The risk for this to occur is highly increased in AAS users and may cause myocardial infarctions and sudden cardiac death.10AASs also catalyse various changes in lipid metabolism the most noticeable being increases in LDL (low denseness lipoprotein) levels by approximately 20% and reductions in HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels by values ranging from 20% to 70%. Though the mechanism of this action is inadequately understood, it has been postulat ed that LDL levels increase due to the action of the enzyme hepatic triglyceride lipase (augmented by AASs) that causes increased catabolism of VLDL (very low density lipoproteins). These changes in lipoproteins (dyslipidaemia) will result in significantly increased risks of coronary artery disease.10 The above effects therefore suggest that there is increased risk for cardiovascular diseases among anabolic steroid users11.CONCLUSIONFrom the information presented in this paper, it is clear that while anabolic androgenic steroids domiciliate undue advantages to their users, they simultaneously predispose their users to a plethora of cardiovascular problems including, but not limited to, hypertension, arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarctions, thromboembolic episodes and sudden cardiac death. There is marked paucity of information on the cardiovascular effects and anabolic androgenic steroids among sportsmen and it is thus imperative that organisations, anti-doping agencies and prov iders collect and supply as much information as possible from and to athletes, physicians, coaches and parents in order to help in furthering the education of the risks involved in the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSBIBLIOGRAPHY1. Baron DA, Martin DM, Abol Magd S. Doping in sports and its spread to at-risk populations an international review. World Psychiatry. 20076(2)118-123.2. Press D. Drug Abuse In Athletes. 201495-105.3. Sherwood L. Human Physiology From Cells to Systems. 2010. doi9781111577438.4. Doping bar Anabolic agents. http//www.doping-prevention.sp.tum.de/substances-and-methods/anabolic-agents/anabolic-agents.html. Accessed June 3, 2015.5. Sturmi JE, Diorio DJ. Anabolic agents. Clin Sports Med. 199817(2)261-282. doi10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70080-6.6. Urhausen A, Albers T, Kindermann W. Are the cardiac effects of anabolic steroid abuse in strength athletes reversible? 2004496-501. doi10.1136/hrt.2003.015719.7. Evans NA. American Journal of Sports Team Physician s Corner. 2004. doi10.1177/0363546503262202.8. Wilson C, Maass R, Estrada M. Cardiovascular Effects of Androgens. 1998.9. Doping Prevention Mode of action. http//www.doping-prevention.sp.tum.de/substances-and-methods/anabolic-agents/mode-of-action.html. Accessed June 3, 2015.10. Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM. Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. Am J Cardiol. 2010106(6)893-901. doi10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013.11. Vanberg P, Atar D. Androgenic anabolic steroid abuse and the cardiovascular system. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2010(195)411-457. doi10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_18.Page 1

Essay --

Humans have known how to pulmonary tuberculosis the people of color from plant, animal and mineral around them and utilized in everyday since antiquity. We can see image on the walls caves, they known how to use to decorate container or jewelry body of tribes various. When compassionate prosperous, they known how to use apparel and can use color from infixed tinted or decorate for beauty increase Colors derived from plants such as profane from indigo. Red from Sappan core or orange color from annatto seed, color from animals such as red color from lac. Which is still utilize today (hongthongdang and Srimakajorn, 2006).The popularity on natural dyes are decreased when they have the chemic synthesis because of the chemicals dyes is easy to use, satisfied, highly stable, The quantity and type of colors more sufficient for increasing demand in the production of industrial. but at present we found that the chemical dyes some kinds have carcinogen that harmful to affect the dyer , user and environment.Until some countries discourage fabrics dyed with chemical colors and they will popularity turn to natural colors increase. Most farmers like to dye silk from chemical color or synthesis because the color is fresh color, cheap, convenient and fast and decolorizationDyeing silk a very important role because it can add beauty to silk to use more. at the present, consumers have begun to focus on the use of natural materials is the factors in living. Including silks consumer both Thailand and overseas is turn to like using fabric dye from natural more. Because the color from natural a light color more than chemical color and does not cause irritation to the skin. It also using a local diversity materials are useful and do not cause pollution to the environment.However, farmer... ...% to 5.5%.The feature extraction process does not properties the loss of natural dye type. However normally usually powder color to be dispersed. The user may be inhaled into the body and the resulting harm. So to keep the dye color is used to compress the powder into a pigment. Which can be easy used. Not be dispersed. Storage facilities just keep in opaque plastic bags or amber bottles in this way, it is keep materials of natural scarce is used to dye natural color all year roundIn this research, we have make developed a powder colors of natural materials has a variety of colors, consistency of color and stable decolorizing. Farmers can use throughout the year, convenient and simple. To replace the use of chemical colors or synthetic dyes. trim down the purchases of foreign coloring, added value of the product, unique of silk and respond requirement of consumers

Elizabeth Barret Browning Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Elizabeth Barrett brown was a plain woman of the Victorian Era that was most remarkably gifted. She was destined to become known to the world(Preston xi). Elizabeth Barrett Browning became known for her poetry, because she showed marriages were her women character were often left emotionally unstable. In her book Recollections, Browning describes what poetry means to herself. She explained that it became a distinct object with me an object to read, think, and blistering for (Preston xii). Browning was described as a strong woman-poet who had little to no training. She came from the Italian hills into a prim English feminine household, and inevitably assuming on that point that attitude of superiority to everything about her which is so contrary to that of true genius (Oliphant 1). According to L. Roberts Steven of The Critical Survey of Poetry, Elizabeth Barrett Browning did not think it a unselfishness when critics praised her as a woman poet(397). She wanted to be known as a p oet.Brownings main bow to her poetry was love plots, say Schneller editor of British Women Writers. The structure of Brownings poetrys are unusually centered on marriages which destroyed the woman involved(Schneller 104). Brownings women characters were roughly always youthful, perverse, and fearless women that when subdued into marriage, would often take part in a scandalous affair(s) with a robust lover(Schneller 104). According to Schneller, the theme of love and marriage caught the eye of many readers, and made her known worldwide (104).Browning published The Seraphim and Other Poems in 1838, and the critic Glenn Everett believed that this collection of poems was the first saturation of Elizabeths mature poetry(Everett 1). Many critics agreed that this was the beginning of Brownings road to success. The critic Schneller disagrees with Everett and felt that Sonnets from the Portuguese, Casa Guidi Window, dayspring Leigh, and withstand Poems represent(s) the best of Elizabe th Brownings work(106). The early stages of her poetry are described as a sinewy and idiosyncratic colloquialism, and the verse of her poem was too sing-song and immature(Leighton 106).Leighton explains how in Sonnets from the Portuguese Browning declares her strong emo... ...wning. Baltimore. 1988From Book FivePoets and Presents Age. Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Criticism of Carlyle in Aurora Leigh. Online Available http//www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/ straitlaced/ebb/html (1).Hayter, Alethea. British Writers Vol. IV. Charles Scribners Sons. The British Council. 1981. (311,315).Landow, George P. Biographical Fact and Fiction in Aurora Leigh. Online Available http//www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorianebb/ebbio.htmlLeighton, Angelia. British Women Writers. Chicago. Continum Publishing Co. 1989. (105-106).Oliphant, Margaret. Margaret Oliphant on E. B. Browinings Aurora Leigh. Online Available http//www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/eb b/all.html (1).Preston, Harriet W. The Complete Poetical Works of Mrs. Browning. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1900. (xi, xii, xvi).Schneller. British Women Writers. Chicago. Continum Publishing Co. 1989. (104).Scudder, Horace E. The Complete Poetical Works of Mrs. Browning. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1900.Stevens, L. Roberts. The Critical Survey of Poetry. Salem Press. Boston. 1992. (397, 399).

Standardized Testing and No Child Left Behind :: Standardized Testing Essays

Policy Identification and ExplanationEvery year, students are required to participate in standardized exam. Why would each student be forced to take such tests every year? This is because of the No Child Left Behind deed of 2001(NCLB). In the NCLB Act of 2001 Public Law 107-110 one hundred fifteen Stat. 1445-6, it states that, each state plan shall demonstrate that the state has adopted contest academic content standards and challenging student academic achievement standards that will be used by the state, its local educational agencies, and its schools to carry of this part (The NCLB LAW). The NCLB Act of 2001 Public Law 107-110 115 Stat. 1445-6 is based on the development of state content and academic achievement standards which are measured by state assessments and compared to the adequate yearly progress expectations. each state is allowed to develop their own standards. History/BackgroundStandardized tests date back as far as 2200BC, when the Chinese organization administ ered written exams to candidates interest in being in the Civil Services (Young, 2005). The exams were mostly memorization of established wisdom. By 1803, exams were widespread throughout Europe as a mode to get into a respected college. Standardized tests didnt appear in the United States until the mid 19th century. Written exams were introduced in Boston in 1845 for government funded schools and in 1851, Harvard started the first entrance exams. From 1900-1915, psychology was a big influence on the tests that were administered. During this time, Lewis Terman helped expand Alfred Binets ideas about an intelligence test. This later, in 1916 became known as the IQ test. In 1926, colleges began using the SAT, a multiple-choice exam. This was a great advancement in the form of standardized tests. The SAT made grading easier and the testing more consistent. The SAT replaced any written test for college entry.For the next 19 years, the number of IQ tests increased substantially (Young, 2005). During these 19 years, different tests are created from the inkblot tests to the bookworm multiple choice test. At the start of the 1960s, a book was published called, The Tyranny of Testing (Young, 2005). This book started the reproof due to the issue of standardized testing. The strongest criticism was standardized testing wasnt helping students to achieve and reach their full potential. This statement was backed by the Russians launching of Sputnik in 1957. Americans began to esteem why the Russians had beaten us into space.