Metaphors And Material, Tying And Training Texts ...

Metaphors are complex comparisons used in American writing. They can be used to compare and analyze numerous things like expressions, objects, activities, and how we think. In the book, Tuning, Tying and Training Texts: Metaphors for Revision, Barbara Tomlinson, the author, discusses her viewpoints on metaphors and how they relate to the process of revision. She talks about how we come to adopt our writing process which is through, â€Å"†¦metacognitive expressions and culturally shared information† (Tomlinson 59). Metacognitive expressions are thought to be moments in life when, â€Å"writers†¦become aware of themselves as thinkers† and† also pause, â€Å"to observe themselves in the act of writing or to reflect on what they are doing† (Tomlinson 59).†¦show more content†¦Through this use of language, we can better understand why the revision process is like sculpting. In addition to using language like Lakoff and Johnson, we can also us e their method of highlighting and hiding to better comprehend the meaning of the metaphor. What can be clearly seen in the metaphor is the idea that it is best to get all your thoughts and ides down on paper so you can then go back and have only minor things that need revising. What can be hidden in this type of revision process is that there are countless possibilities to making tiny changes, resulting in the writing never fully being satisfied. It could go on and on and on because there’s always ways to improve your writing and change the meaning, which is why displeasure can be hidden. The comparison of revising to sculpting relates to how I view my revision process to be. I like to make my rough draft as complete as I can and then go back to fix little things for my revision. This is like the sculpting metaphor because in sculpting you start with something as whole, like me making my rough draft as complete as it can be, then you go back and keep working on it until you have ended up with what you were looking for, in this case a sculpture or a complete paper. I find this way of revision to be beneficial because I think it is always best to get everything down the first time so you and your peers have more to work with later on andShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSlowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New BaskervilleRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMichael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century

Essay Cold War Rhetoric of the Lysenko Era - 4528 Words

The Cold War Rhetoric of the Lysenko Era During the Cold War, the Soviet Union forced its biologists to support the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, which opposed the conventional theory of genetics accepted by the scientists in America and most of the world. This theory that environmentally induced changes to an organism’s physical or biochemical traits could be passed on to its offspring was the main tenet in Lamarck’s work during the early 1800s. It was accepted by most biologists during Lamarck’s time, until the work of Darwin on evolution by natural selection in the mid-1800s and the discovery of Mendel’s work on heredity in the early 1900s lead most biologists to discount Lamarck’s theory. However, in†¦show more content†¦A Soviet scientist, Medvedev, argues that the dominance of Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union was caused by â€Å"the classification of science as bourgeois or proletarian, the government’s aim to increase agricultural productio n, the censorship in the press, the isolation of Soviet scientists, and the Soviet’s centralization of science† (247-252). Joravsky, an American scholar, discounts Medvedev’s argument on the influence of Marxist theory and emphasizes Lysenko’s appeal to improving collectivized agriculture (The Lysenko Affair 228). Soyfer, a recent Russian scientist, adds that Lysenko’s appeal to Stalin’s personal interests and views may have caused his popularity with the state (Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science 202). However, these scholars focus on the forces operating within the Soviet Union, and give little consideration to the larger Cold War climate. The rhetoric of Lysenko’s speech and other texts produced during the time shows that the Cold War had a profound influence on how ideas were interpreted. The Cold War environment may have motivated the Soviet state to support Lysenko’s theory because it conflicted at a fundamenta l level with the biological theory accepted in America and promised to propagate nationalist pride byShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesfinding their way onto the Internet, info digitized (google books) †¢ Much knowledge residing in books today that have not found their way onto the Internet (exclusive information) †¢ But†¦ Gutenberg Project transcribes old literary texts from all eras, posting them online for free †¢ Websites such as Questia and JSTOR store full academic journals, books, newspaper, magazines †¦ (portable too!) †¢ Also limits imposed by costs of publication, book cannot contain everything. Editors sometimes

ONE SIDED LOVE Essay Example For Students

ONE SIDED LOVE Essay The story was written by John Steinbeck by the name The Chrysanthemums. The story takes a place on a farm in December 1938. The story is based on three characters: Elisa, her husband Henry, and the tinker. Elisa was 35 years old and was married to Henry. She was a hard workingwoman on a farm. It was a virile occupation, compared with her husband who was a businessman. Their relationship wasnt normal. He didnt see her as a lady, due to her unattractive appearance. One day the tinker passed by her house, and changed her life. The tinker caused her to confirm her femininity. The tinker made her laugh by his stories, and reflect her. He was curious about her chrysanthemums, and complimented her for her work. Her husband never realized nor was interested in her talent. She explained the tinker how to grow the Chrysanthemums successfully. Her eyes shone she tore off the battered hat and shook out her dark pretty hair. After awhile, she offered him a flowerpot to take along with him. The tinker was glad to get the seeds in the pot, although it was not what he wished for. Now, she did not care about her gloves from her excitement. She used her strong fingers to fill up the pot with soil. Her face was tight with eagerness, when she looked at him. Her breast swelled passionately. After the tinker left she whispered: thats a bright direction, theres a glow in there.Elisa felt disgraced about her self so, she turned and ran into her house and took a bath. She scrubbed herself until her skin became red. She realized that the tinker was a scoundrel; he really had no sentiments towards her. She felt guilty about her husband, but she discovered her femininity that she never felt before. She looked at herself in the mirror, and saw a real woman. She tightened her stomach, and threw out her chest. After awhile she put on her newest underclothing, and her nicest stocking and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. She now awaited for her husband Henrys arrival. All of a sudden Henry realized his wifes beautiful appearance, and said why- why, Elisa. You look so nice! .It was hard for him to accept her new sight, and also surprised by the changes of the nature of things that she never liked before. Like the fights that Henry used to go with out her, and now she knows a lot about that. Well, Ive read how they break noses, and blood runs down their chests. Elisa realized that only her husband really cared for her, and was always there for her. In my opinion the Chrysanthemums that she grew symbolize only one-sided love. Thats how she felt with her husband. She looked for a romantic partner that could understand her. She hoped to find her love from the tinker, but she left hopeless. She was crying weakly like an old woman. In conclusion although their relationship may seen apparent love and happiness Symbolized the chrysanthemums. The chrysanthemums symbolize her femininity.

Should Adults Stay with Their Parents free essay sample

I cant live without my parents . It costs too much . I cant afford my living without my parents . Some young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible. Other young adults prefer to live with their families for a long time. Some adults do not want to stay apart from their parents because they think they wont be able to manage their financial expense while other need the guidance of their parents in decision making. Parents always think that their kids remain kid even when they become adults. This is a hundred percent correct with our Asian people, the ones who culturally live in a big family with four or five generations in the same house. I believe that the young adults will hardly be mature if they keep staying with their parents. The sooner they stay apart, the more independent and responsible they are. When the young adults stay apart, of course they will face with some difficulties such as finance expense, time management and lack of direction from parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Adults Stay with Their Parents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, these difficulties also are strong advantage for them if they can learn how to overcome all these. By facing with difficulties and managing their lives themselves, the young adults will be more mature and more independent than when they stay with their parents. This is called boomerang generation named for the frequency with which they choose to cohabitate with their parents after a brief period of living on their own thus boomeranging back to their place of origin. This cohabitation can take many forms, ranging from situations that mirror the high dependency of pre-adulthood to highly independent, separate-household arrangements. The parents of these adult children have been referred to as babygloomers. When staying independently, the young adults will be more responsible. They realize that they have to take care for their own houses, they have to feed themselves, or even, feed their pets. Besides, they automatically enlarge their relationship with the society. They surely will communicate with their neighbors, they have to work with authorities or sometimes, they have to join some communitys activities. Thus, they will gradually be more responsible to themselves and to their society. We all love our parents but we all know that they will not live with us forever. Once realize this fact, the sooner we are well prepared the better life we have. Thus, I believe that staying apart when they are ready is always a better choice for young adults.

The Worlds Political System Governed By International Organizations †Economics Essay

The Worlds Political System Governed By International Organizations – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers The Worlds Political System Governed By International Organizations Economics Essay Globalization has lead to an ever-increasing interconnectedness between places and people, the extent of which is often not fully realized. The world political system is now governed based on interdependencies between international government organizations, such as the IMF, and increasing flows of capital (Dicken, 2003). In Argentina, the implementations of international financial policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) were believed to ignite the growth and recovery of the economy. However, these policies have had an adverse effect on Argentina’s economy as well as negatives social implications. It is important to look at the history of the IMF and the natural of its loans and policies to understand the economic and social impacts of these policies in Argentina. THE IMF History The IMF was one of the institutions borne out of the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. Originally it was intended to define a new international monetary system, designed to promote international cooperation and an organized exchange rate system while also providing short-term financial assistance to countries so that temporary balance of payment needs could be meet (Isard, 2005). The present day IMF has distanced its self from its original form; â€Å"founded on the belief that markets often worked badly, it now champions market supremacy with ideological fervour† (Stiglitz, 2001, p.12). It was founded on the belief that global collective action was needed to achieve economic stability. It is a public institution financed by taxpayers worldwide, even though â€Å"it does not report directly to either the citizens who finance it or those whose lives it affects†¦it reports to the ministries of finance and the central banks of the governments of the world† (Stiglitz, 2001, p.12). Control is exerted through a voting arrangement mostly based on the economic power of countries at the end of World War II, with most power in the hands of developed counties and with only the United States having veto power (Isard, 2005; Stiglitz, 2001). Initially, it was believed that international pressure was needed for countries to implement expansionary policies, such as increasing spending while reducing taxes, or stimulating the economy through lowered interest rates. It now provides funds to countries only if they engage in policies such as reducing deficits, raising taxes, privatizing public enterprises, devaluing their currency, and raising interest rates. The originally, the IMF was to focus on crises, but because of the continual need for help in the developed world, it was continually involved in the developing world, whether or not they were experiencing a crisis. Although it was supposed to focus on macroeconomic matters when dealing with countries, it saw almost everything falling within the boundaries of its domain, since it was argued that any structural issues had an impact on the economy (Isard, 2005; Stiglitz, 2001). Policies According to the IMF’s Article 1 of Articles of Agreement, its purpose is to: To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution, providing the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems. To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, thereby contributing to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income and to the development of the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy. To promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchange arrangements among members, and to avoid competitive exchange depreciation. To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between members and in the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions that hamper the growth of world trade. To give confidence to members by making the general resources of the Fund temporarily available to them under adequate safeguards, thus providing them with opportunity to correct maladjustments in their balance of payments without resorting to measures destructive of national or international prosperity. In accordance with the above, to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments of members. (International Monetary Fund, 2004) Member countries are expected to direct their policies towards achieving orderly economic growth with reasonable price stability; and seek the promotion of stability by encouraging orderly economic and financial conditions (Isard, 2005). The IMF fulfills its purposes are through activities such as:implementing surveillance over members’ economic and financial policies and developments, providing financial assistance (subject to conditions) and technical assistance and training in areas in which the IMF has expertise, performing research and policy analysis to advance economics understand of the national economies and international monetary system, and finally, Offering a forum for an ongoing dialogue of issues relating to the functioning of the world economy and international monetary system (International Monetary Fund, 2004; Isard, 2005). Member countries must undergo a significant amount of surveillance from the IMF, the measure through which the IMF supervises the economic and financial policies and functioning of its members, to ensure the successful operation of the international monetary system (Isard, 2005). Member countries must provide adequate information for effective surveillance, in addition to agreeing with to â€Å"direct policies toward the goals of orderly economic growth with reasonable price stability, together with orderly underlying economic and financial conditions, and to avoid manipulating exchange rates for unfair competitive advantage† (International Monetary Fund, 2004). Surveillance provides the monitoring of economies as well as the provision of policy advice, which can help to identify potential problems and allows action to be taken to prevent these problems (International Monetary Fund, 2004; Isard, 2005). Surveillance occurs on three levels, country, regional, and global. Country surveillance involves consultation regarding the country’s economic policies, assesses the reliability of the financial system, and other issues which may effect is macroeconomic policies and performance. A summary of the findings is then submitted to the executive board that then makes recommendation to the government (International Monetary Fund, 2004; Isard 2005). At best, Isard (2005) believes that: The quality of the IMF’s analysis and policy advice is limited by the accumulated knowledge and best judgements of the economics profession†¦ it is handicapped by the fact that economists have not yet discovered â€Å"the magic formula that assures rapid and steady economic growth, low inflation, financial stability, and social progress†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦in some cases the Fund’s advice is bound to be bad simply because economists’ collective knowledge and judgements are limited. (p. 76) There are several concerns about the effectiveness of surveillance and the IMF’s analysis that have lead to an expansion of guidelines to include those for sustainable economic growth. These include the need to strengthen national financial systems and the ability to monitor financial and economic developments in a more efficient manner, a review of policy measure countries in crises are pushed to undertake as a condition of financial support. Moreover, and perhaps most importantly, that regardless of their policies, countries face the threat of being overwhelmed by the volume and mobility of international capital (Brenner, 2004; Isard, 2005; Peck Tickell, 1994). Another significant role of the IMF is to provide financial assistance to member countries to lessen the impacts of balance of payments on both national and international prosperity. A prerequisite to borrowing from the fund is the negotiation of a program of policies that provides assurance that the country will be able to repay the loan within a distinct period, done on the basis that the loan is temporary and must be subject to safe guards (Isard, 2005). The program typically includes policies set as prior conditions for assistance. The loan is then paid to the country in instalments, on the basis that the next instalment will be received so long as policies are complied with, determined by targets included in the program and sometimes in addition with structural benchmarks. Some of the policies required to be implemented include: Support an appropriate economic environment, but achieving high rates of sustainable growth depends primarily on private sector activities. Market-oriented economic systems with high levels of competition are generally more efficient in allocating resources to meet consumer needs and to support worthwhile investment and growth, Openness to international trade and investment and to transfers of information and technology is vital for economic progress, Exchange rates should broadly reflect international competitiveness, Policies resulting rapid inflation are generally injurious to economic performance, To maintain reasonable price stability and to counteract unwarranted fluctuations in output and employment, monetary policies typically need to respond to (and to anticipate) cyclical developments, The public sector has an essential role in fairly enforcing the rules of a competitive market system, in providing appropriate assistance to the vulnerable in society, in supporting investment in some key areas such as education and health and some components of infrastructure, and in countervailing identifiable and significant m arket failures, Public expenditure needs to be adequately financed by equitable and enforceable taxes with broad bases and with the lowest feasible tax rates, Fiscal deficits often have a desirable cyclical component reflecting the â€Å"automatic stabilizers†; buy public sector deficits and debt should be kept within reasonable limits lest they unduly mortgage futures generations or contribute to economic and financial instability. (Isard, 2005, p.77) SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF IMF IMPOSED POLICIES IN ARGENTINA The principles behind IMF policies tend to reflect the preferences of multinational corporations by promoting investment and freeing the movement of capital into and out of countries. IMF pushed capital market liberalization, despite the fact there was no indication that the policies would be effective in stimulating growth, believing that the issues of competition and regulation that accompany rapid privatization can be dealt with later on (Stiglitz, 2001). This attitude is largely one of the contributing factors to the dismal state of the Argentinean economy. IMF imposed policies contributed to Argentina’s increased sensitivity to changes in world economic conditions, increasing macroeconomic volatility. The restructuring of the economy that occurred because of these polices lead to the loss of locally owned firms, states enterprises, and jobs, leading to unstable development patterns (Brenner, 2004; Lee, 2003). It was believed that implementing these policies would lead to the efficient allocation of resources (Schvarzer, 1998), which it did not. Opening of the global economy lead to increasing flows of capital; it is believed that countries must create conditions to attract foreign investment (Peck Tickell, 1994), conditions which were created by IMF implemented policies. Isard (2005) believes: The acceleration of capital flows into developing countries†¦ which raised their vulnerability to capital flow reversals was closely associated with rapid financial liberalization by emerging market countries;†¦the degree to which †¦ countries became vulnerable, and the virulence of the crisis episodes when they occurred, has been largely attributed to the weaknesses of financial institutions and prudential frameworks in the crisis-stricken countries.† (p. 108) Strengthening of financial institutions and prudential frameworks and addressing macroeconomic imbalances before liberalization financial markets is widely agreed upon to be vital, and is something the IMF ignored in the case of Argentina. The urban landscape is shaped by the investment of private capital with the purpose of generating wealth, particularly with financial and real estate capital. This has resulted in an unevenly distributed urban space, creating different zones of heterogeneity and inequality of standards of living divided along social class lines (Lombardo, DiVirgilio, Ferndez, 2005). The emergence of a ‘new’ liberalized and deregulated economy spurred a wave of new foreign investments, generated a reproduction of capital and social structures, which determined the nature of the labour market, consumer habits, government spending, living conditions, and the framework for economic growth. This new framework lead to the reorganization firms, the distribution of buildings and infrastructure, the relocation of people and sources of employment, and provided circuits allowing for increased profits and the subsequent socio-spatial segregation occurring in Argentina (Lombardo et al 2005). Neo-lib eral ideology incites competition for capital development and revenue comes along with such investments (Brenner, 2004; Lombardo et al, 2005). Deregulation and privatization brought many changes to Argentina. The maintenance and operation of a large portion of national highways and access routes to cities were privatized, including those through the Buenos Aires Metropolitan area (BAMA), which meant increased investment in the improvement and maintenance of its roads. Along with improved roads came increased private automobile use, increasing 58% between 1970 and 1992, as well as increased cell phone usage – indicators of a growing upper class and a sign of increasing social polarization that comes with neo-liberal ideology (Brenner, 2004). There was also an increase in the number of private, gated communities and neighbourhoods and country club style development on the outskirts of BAMA, indicating a significant increase in the upper class in the area. Improved highways have lead to a new boom of urban expansion, allowing new sub-developments of the upper class to be connected to the economic and political centre in Buenos Aires. However, the increase in the development of housing, those who are most in need of improved housing conditions, do not have access to it, a problem exacerbated by income concentration in upper level and high rates of poverty and employment in the informal sector (Inter-American Development Bank, 2005). Although home ownership is relatively high among low-income families, however the housing often does not meet minimum standards of quality, with many located in self-built neighbourhoods, lacking basic services (Inter-American Development Bank, 2005). The problem of access to new housing lies in the fact that unemployment in Buenos Aires, as of May 2001, was approximately 23% (Lombardo et al, 2005). In order to qualify for a loan a minimum monthly income of between $1000 and $1800 is required (with the mortgage payments taking between 35 and 40% of that) as well proven job security (Lombardo et al, 2005). Liberalization of markets has so far not brought stability. Integration into the global economy is successful when foreign traders and investors have confidence in the local economy (Gilbert, 2004), when problems arise in another area, it causes questioning of investments in current areas, causing major problems as capital is pulled out due to these fears, which in actually make these fears realized, whether or not the were founded. Capital flight leads to unstable patterns of development (Brenner, 2004). Argentina saw unemployment increase – rapid privatization meant that the proper structures were not in place to protect the economy and labour force in the event of capital flight. Emphasis on the development on local and regional business was ignored, while foreign investment was encouraged. Privatization was encouraged by the IMF, with the assumption that the private sector would take over from the public sector. This did not happen fast enough, and when the private sector eventually did take over, it proved inefficient, and eventually firms were shut down (Stiglitz, 2001). Markets do not always arise to meet needs; â€Å"government activities have arise because markets have failed to provide essential services†. Privatization of these services leads to negative social implications, such as unemployment and increased poverty, which may then lead to increased violence, crime, and social and political unrest. Families experienced great financial restraints; the remaining employed family members experience greater burdens, children may be forced to withdraw from school to help support their family, debt may amount, as families will have to decide between paying bills or providing food and shelter. Domestic firms may be more socially conscious and be reluctant to fire workers dependent on the economic situation, while foreign firms have an obligation to their shareholders, and will do what is necessary to reduce costs and maximize profits (Stiglitz, 2001). In the past, unemployed workers were often absorbed by the informal sector, but with the rapid capital flight in Argentina in the 1990’s, the sector was not able to absorb the surplus labour, leading to the increases in unemployment. Formal firms are also experience less job security as they are more prone to layoffs and with subcontracting to informal firms becoming increasingly common, have lead to further increases in unemployment, and increasing rates of poverty (Gilbert, 2004). Growing inequality in Argentina can also attributed to the increasing wage gap. Between 1992 and 1998, real hourly wages did not significantly changed with those with a high school degree or less, while those with a post secondary degree saw their hourly wages significantly increase (Bebczuk Gasparini, 2001). A number of IMF labour reforms may have also contributed to the widening income gap. An agreement with labour union in 1997, at the IMF’s suggestion, included reduced severance payments, the gradual elimination of collective bargaining agreements, as well as discouraging temporary labour contracts – policies that did not help reduce unemployment (Takagi, 2004). It is typical in Latin American countries that half the country’s income is concentrated in the wealthiest 10 percent of the population (Inter-American Development Bank, 2005). Poverty, after declining significantly between 1990 and 1991, has been steadily increasing since. As of 2004, 55% of the Arg entinean population was below the national poverty line (World Bank, 2004). CONCLUSION Global forces and international governance play a direct role in daily life (Swyngedouw, 1992). The crisis in Argentina is a â€Å"direct example†¦of the damaging formative intersection of local, national, and global in the highly unsettling process of the continue making of histories and geographies in a world continually subjected to the marginalization of its reproductive conditions of existence† (Lee, 2003, p. 79). Deregulation continues to leads to the exacerbation of structural imbalances, social polarization, as well as exaggerated fluctuations in the economy and increased fragility of local growth. Private capital has become an important component in the process of social reproduction and the distribution of space (Brenner, 2004; Lombardo, 2005; Peck Tickell, 1994). References Bebczuk, R.N. Gasparini, L.C., (2001). Globalisation and inequality: the case of Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Retrieved April 14, 2005 from depeco.econo.unlp.edu.ar/doctrab/doc32.pdf Brenner, N. (2004). New state spaces: urban governance and the rescaling of statehood. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dicken, P. (2003). Global Shift. New York: Guilford. Gilbert, A. (2002). Love in the time of enhanced capital flows: reflections on the links between liberalization and informality. In A. Roy N. AlSayyad (Eds). Urban informality: transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia (pp. 33-65). New York, NY: Lexington Books Inter-American Development Bank. (2005). Economic and social progress in Latin American 2005 report: unlocking credit – the quest for deep and stable bank lending. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. International Monetary Fund. (2004). What is the IMF? Retrieved April 9, 2005, from imf.org/external/pubs/ft/exrp/what.htm Isard, P. (2005). Globalization and the international financial system: what’s wrong and what can be done. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Lee, R. (2003). The Marginalization of everywhere: emerging geographies of emerging markets. In J. Peck H.W. Yeung (Eds), Remaking the global economy (pp. 61-82). Lombardo, J.D., DiVirgilio, M., Fernndez, L. (2005). Land markets, social reproduction and configuration of urban space: a case study of five municipalities in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. In B. Stiftel V. Watson (Eds), Dialogues in urban regional planning (pp.59-87). New York: NY: Routledge. Peck, J. Tickell, A. (1994). Searching for a new institutional fix: the after-Fordist crisis and the global-local disorder (pp. 280-315), in A. Amin (Ed), Post Fordism. Oxford: Guilford Schvarzer, J. (1998). Economic reform in Argentina – which social forces for what aims? In P.D. Oxhorn G. Ducatenzeiler (Eds), What kind of democracy? What kind of market? Latin America in the age of Neolibralism (pp. 61-88). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Stiglitz, J.E., (2001). Globalization and its discontents. New York, USA: W.W. Norton Company Swyngedouw, E. (1992). The mammon quest: glocalization, interspatial competition, and the monetary order: the construction of new scales (pp. 39-67), in M. Dunford G. Kafkals (Eds), Cities and regions in the new Europe. London: Belhaven. Takagi, S. (2004). The IMF and Argentina, 1991-2001. Washington: International Monetary Fund, Independent Evaluation Office. World Bank. (2004). Argentina at a glance. Retrieved April 16, 2004, from worldbank.org/cgi-bin/sendoff.cgi?page=%2Fdata%2Fcountrydata%2Faag%2Farg_aag.pdf World Bank. (2005). World development indicators 2005. Retrieved April 16, 2005, from http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2005/Cover.htm Research Papers on The World's Political System Governed By International Organizations - Economics EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Putting grammar in its place - Emphasis

Putting grammar in its place Putting grammar in its place For a writing-training company, we run surprisingly few grammar and punctuation courses. To be more precise, we run few courses that focus solely on grammar and punctuation even though more people come to us asking for training in just this area than in any other. And why? Are we phasing the subjects out? Do we not think them important? Has everyone, including us, given up caring? Goodness, no. The fact that our clients often dont end up taking a grammar and punctuation course is not because were keeping it all for ourselves. Rather, its that when they describe their needs in more detail, it often turns out that theyre looking for something broader than just grammar and punctuation. Grammar can be a red herring Most people have a clear idea of what punctuation is, but grammars a little tougher to define. Putting it broadly, grammar is the structure of language: things such as different word classes (verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc) and how words relate to each other or change to show different inflections (such as number, tense and case). However, thanks to the promulgation of so-called rules such as dont start a sentence with a conjunction or dont split infinitives, grammar can seem like a narrow set of procedures that you have to master in order to write well. Peevish articles that get passed around online only add to the misapprehensions (many have cited this one, to which writer and editor Stan Carey has written this comprehensive reply). Such articles tend to further muddy already murky waters by confusing personal preferences or long-standing superstitions (which are usually just extremely old personal preferences) with genuine guidance on rules that will give your writing real clarity. For example, contrast the rule about misplaced modifiers, where the writer inadvertently modifies the wrong part of the sentence, with the superstition that its wrong to put prepositions at the end of a sentence. It does make sense to avoid misplaced modifiers, such as: Showing strong growth, the chief executive presented an impressive set of results. These can bewilder your reader or undermine your writing (not to mention anger chief executives who dont care to have attention drawn to their waistlines). Ending on a preposition, however, is no barrier to clarity. When people approach us with grammar and punctuation on their minds, it may be that theyve noticed errant apostrophes in their teams work, that the writing isnt following a logical structure, or simply that theyre not getting the results they want. Improving writing skills can make a great difference, but theres more to it than blindly following prescriptive mandates. The bigger picture On her academic writing blog, Explorations of style, English language lecturer Rachael Cayley points out that fretting about grammar in isolation, as if it were some loose screw that needed tightening, misses the point and can actually be counterproductive. Improving your writing isnt just fiddling with technicalities and arcane rules, she says. It is a matter of thinking deeply about your ideas and your communicative intent. Theres plenty more to think about when it comes to good writing: planning; structuring (yes, sentences, but also your entire document); drawing the reader in and keeping them hooked; building your argument; picking the best word for the job; and always (always!) considering the needs of the reader. So were not saying grammar isnt important. Of course it is. Its just not the whole story. If you want to have a chat about where grammar fits into your companys story, or how you can get the results youre looking for, call us on +44 (0)1273 732 888. Or take a look online at the courses we offer.

To analyze the production of M. Butterfly and how it represents Asia Essay

To analyze the production of M. Butterfly and how it represents Asia through the story, scenic design, costume design, movement, sound, and lights - Essay Example M Butterfly play is one of the most popular plays and which was a highly applauded Asian American plays during the late 20th century. The importance of this play and the new visibility of Asian American theater reveal the growing attention given to cultural, political and intellectual issues. The intellectual issue includes ethnicity, gender, race, and sexualities (David pg. 12). The main strategies of understanding the play depend on the background of political histories between North America, China and Europe as well as on the cultural political of Orientalism. Critical reading of M butterfly varies from debates over the re3prewsentation of sexualities and ethnicity, theories of performance, politics of Orientalism, and the notion of the masquerade. This paper intends to look at how M. Butterfly represents Asia through several things. The image of a woman of Asia as both dangerous and sensual is important. The clash in this combination of need for fear of Oriental women gives some light on the manner in which inter-racial relationship get viewed in America (David pg 24). The plot of an Inter-racial romance that is seen in this play about a European American mans fateful love affair with a lady from another culture and race, almost ended in the nonwhite tragic pregnancy of a woman or her final sacrifice. It depicts the best of the two worlds like Gina Machetti states while apparently confirming a complete separation of the races; it also gives way for the possibility of assimilation through adopting mixed-raced child. This kind of unfortunate love between white men and Asian women becomes an efficient cultural means of accepting the interracial relationships; it is a method that emphasizes the splendor of love as an ideology and, concurrently, introduces the transitory and the tragic nature of inter-racial love. T he symbol of Butterfly serves well the cultural trends of her time: she reflects the persistent fantasy on the submissive,

The Secret Garden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Secret Garden - Essay Example The book is meant to give hope to children that mothering would always remain no matter how disordered the lives of children may be. This fact is evident in this novel as despite the fact that Mary and Colin were motherless, they still got mothered through people at Misseltthwaite Manor who provided them with â€Å"protection, nurturance, and training† (Horne and Sanders 46). These three duties are the basic mothering roles in the novel. Horne and Sanders (47) note that Barnett’s treatment of mothering, the role it plays in patriarchal culture and the manner in which it shapes the lives of motherless children are something that have proved problematic to feminists. This, he explains, is due to the fact that mothering in a patriarchal capitalist culture is problematic in nature. Horne and Sanders (47) reveal that the role of the mother in the The Secret Garden is to protect, nurture and train their children in a non-traditional setting (Horne and Sanders 101). However, they do so within a cultural framework which circumscribes and transforms their work as mothers, that, in turn, then molds labor and children to meet the demands of patriarchy. Horne and Sanders (47) note that the kind of mothering that takes place in The Secret Garden is a reflection of this kind of problematic situation. This is due to the fact that it is complicated in that it involves practical work, protection, training, and nurturing that happens within patriarchally organized social places. The characters who play mothering work of Misselthwaite Manor are Martha and Dickson Sowerby, Ben Weatherstaff and Mrs. Sowerby. According to The Secret Garden, these mothers play a great role in mothering children. This is evident when Barnett tells us that as Mary plays the role of nurturing the garden, she also gets nurtured herself. Due to the nurturing that she gets from the community, she grows â€Å"stronger and fatter† Barnett

How Ethnic Groups Can Be Unified Essay Example for Free

How Ethnic Groups Can Be Unified Essay I would like to believe that I grew up very diversely. I attend an all foreign language program that was housed in my elementary / middle school and my mom allowed me to attend the Japanese classes up until the three grade when the program received funding for their own school. However, while I was in the program I was able to interact with a many different ethnic groups and because of my age and the fact that my mother raised me to be open-minded and well rounded I didn’t see a difference between myself and the other children in the class, in fact at the time I remember having a Mexican boyfriend and an Asian best friend. Because of my past I believe all ethnic groups can be unified if everyone can accept the fact that everyone is different and embrace everyone for their difference. The act of not liking someone because they are different is a learned behavior and children typical are learning this behavior from the adults around them and society views on that group of people. A simple and easy to understand example of how people are taught now to like each other is showed in most movies that make any reference to slavery. There is always a part of the movie where two little children, one being white and the other black, start out great friends but as time goes on they learn that they can’t be friends or date because one person is black and the other is white. I’d be naà ¯ve to think that in my generation ethnic group unity will happen. 9-11 the US unified as a nation but we still had a negative view on one ethnic group for the actions of a individuals of that group. To this day I still know people who don’t care for Muslims as a whole because of 9-11. I do believe that things have gotten better over the year but only in some regions of the world. All I can do is raise my children the way that I was raised and hope that they treat everyone with respect no matter their ethnic background.

Pittsburgh Steelers Essay -- essays research papers

The Pittsburgh Steelers Do you like professional football? Have you ever wondered where teams originate from? Or what teams have been around the longest? The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional team that has an extensive history. There are also many unique details about them that other NFL teams do not have. There creator was a great man who started the team from practically nothing, their name and logo represent great tradition, and lastly, they have won many championships. The Pittsburgh Steelers were founded in July of 1993. The contract was purchased for only $2500.00 by Arthur Joseph Rooney. Art Rooney was an exceptional all-around athlete who also had a Bachelors degree in Accounting. In 1964, Rooney was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his strenuous growth of the NFL and the Steelers. In 1988, at the age of 87, Rooney died of a stroke. He was the ruler of the Steelers for almost 55 years. Dan Rooney, his son, was handed the responsibility of being franchise president. Did you know the Steelers haven’t always been called the Steelers? When Arthur Rooney purchased the team he named them the Pittsburgh Pirates. He got this name from the Pittsburgh National League Baseball Team. But in 1940, the Pirates became the Steelers, in order to generate more fan support. This name came from the city’s primary source of employment. This was an honor for the Steelers, being able to represent Pittsburgh steel heritage. Team logos are essential as well. The Steeler...

Effective Approach for Performance Management a Key for Company’s Existence Essay

In this very challenging world of managing organization, it is just ordinary that for some companies having to maintain their staff is sometimes impossible. Training and other forms of enhancement made people learn from the work assigned to him. But still there are times that these do not give assurance that these people will stay or even serve the service provided with them. As most western countries starting to see potential of eastern manpower due to its low cost of labor, opportunities are also another one that affects most local Asian countries which only mean that most highly skilled professional from this region are starting to see better life ahead if they go for an outside the country job. Countries like the Philippines, India, and China are just some of the top countries that when it comes to dollar gotten by their workers through overseas jobs has proved that it helps even the economy in having jobs from other country. But most of all it creates a different life and future for families who sacrifice their life away from their family, just to find work abroad, but as they said, still the sweetest thing is yet to come. For companies this is one of the biggest challenges and this paper will try to provide some relevant information and well-recommended theories on how to somehow change and how does HR professional foresee it and be able to address the issue before it happen. Human Resource Management Policies Actually, HR management involves many categories, like in terms of general and standard policies, which entails the standard operating procedure used by the company. The second one is the equal opportunity policy, which is gaining more popularity these days because the world has started to experience an increasing number of workers going abroad only to find for better opportunity for the future of their family. Third policy are involving compensation management, while the fourth focuses more on the benefits management policies, then fifth is management development and training and lastly is for record management policies. (Human Resource Policy, n. d. ). Among these lists of policies it will cover most of benefits, compensation related and management side. What are the relevant theories and approaches applied in improving performance of staffs and encourage them to work more efficiently and effectively as well. Understanding Need is an Important Aspect in Managing Performance Employees must always be a main concern in any organization In fact employees or staffs are also customers, which in most business term, that called as â€Å"internal customers. † They must be given extra attention because in true sense they are the ones that perform the duties of true service in the organization. In the modern times, if finding how best corporation and highly productive and big â€Å"bottom lines† companies, it is easy to find out that their priority to people is there like, the company provide better performance incentives, better vacation and even sometimes provided a well structured work scheduling since what the modern company needs is results and not just forcing employees to just come in to the office and waste a lot of resources. In short there should be a well organized process that the HR Management Team must do in addressing the need and concerns of the people within the organization. Importantly, companies must see employees as not just as staff that are being directed to what they need to do, encouraging them and giving them the respect they need and most especially the opportunity that for some and very few people must be given, because that is also what is happening to other company, which eventually brings the company in its downfall, and that is looking at these potentials as threat instead of making used of their abilities as talents and a tool for the success of the company. One of the most accepted initiative that company must do is to provide incentive has been there in the business for many years and even it started during the early years. For employees or staff to be recognized may still be important and needed to be given by companies, but incentive is one factor in the needs of people that really provides an extra boost of energy for many in their way of work. This was also the reason why the theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which has given a clear directive to companies that people, has needs and they should not focus on customer needs but also their employees. Concepts and processes that can be discussed about motivation and how it provides impact to human being, but there is only one and most prominent approach or theory in motivation and that is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motivation. In this theory there are five basic needs. The first one and the most basic needs is called the physiological needs which good examples are food, water, and comfort. At this point the company must answer the basic and most important need of the employee and that is they have to be paid accordingly. Second level is the Safety needs, the need for safety and stability. One good example is for them to live in a well secured environment or community where families can be safe and away from harm, or children being send to schools that has enough and well secured environment. Third level, Social needs, this pertains to social affiliation, and good example for this one is joining in an organizational group, which helps to improve better performance. Fourth level is Esteem needs, desire for self-respect, one good example here is for company recognizing best effort on the job rendered, like in terms of award or cash bonus, which adds value for the person and will motivate them more to perform better job. As well as motivating others to perform better in their respective jobs. Lastly, self actualization needs, these are considered to be the desires for self fulfillment. At this point a good example is by company providing task to challenge the skills or knowledge of a potential employee. This is the most critical part because there are other companies that runs a political system in the company and prevents good people to be recognized and be given better challenges in their work. This is exactly what people within the organization are driven for in working their best. (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 2007). Performance Management Process  The different parts of performance management are as follows: (1) Establishing Performance Goals, (2) Performance Plans, (3) Observation and Feedback, (4) Evaluating Performance, (5) Rewarding Performance, (6) Recognizing Performance Problems (â€Å"Performance Gaps†), (7) Performance Improvement / Development Plans, and lastly, (8) Firing Employees. In this list, the first one is establishing first the performance goal; this is like the roadmap for the staff. The second one is for the staff to be given the plan which the company thinks in the future whether there are some important changes in his career that may take place. Observation should also be needed in order to provide some follow-ups; the next two is evaluating and of course rewarding, then recognizing them as well through awards and recognition. Find some improvement parts of the task assigned in order to improve and to raise the level of performance. Lastly, there should also be some generated policies in firing employees and should not just removing anyone from the job. (Employee Performance Management, n. d. ). Effective Management of Employee Retention Rate a Reflection of Better performance Management Staff Retention, Employee Engagement and Talent Management Strategies In the US and it might also be common to all industries most especially multi-national companies that retaining a good and highly skilled staff is hard nowadays. Since the growing competition and the usual issue if pirating good stuff from one company to another, which is sometimes, would not even take even days and then the staff, just transfer again to another company is becoming a perennial problem. In the US each day a good staff quits their employers for better job elsewhere, whether it may be better package which is very common or finding better working environment which may cause by too much pressure and demand. Approximately 200 billion USD is spending annually by the business in recruiting and replacing their employees. And this is not a good sign for the business since it incurs cost as well as organizational process dilemma which can affect performance. There are actually some key-points to address these problems and these are seven well applied practice or key factors applied by some of the well known consultancy firm that are being hired to assist companies face problem with retention of employees. First, is Better matching, this is a process on how to find better potentials within the company who maybe best to perform a specific job in the organization. It may also include preparation and training for the staff. Second, is Better Managers, here it will not only teach how managers developed or build teams but also becoming a more personalized type of manager whose main duty is to carefully addressed the issues of the staff for him to perform quality results for the company, typical mentoring and coaching are done. Better integration, at this point, it is more on how to effectively collaborate new staff with existing ones, since there are issues that comes when these types of staff work together. For Better Connection, this is teaching how employees conduct themselves effectively through better relationship from his co-staffs as well as his supervisor or manager. Better Culture, on the other hand is preparing employee in facing multicultural type of customers, how they can be appreciated and can work effectively without experiencing dissatisfaction from their customers or colleagues from other nationalities, which are very common to multi-national companies. Lastly, is Better Accountability for Turnover, this is to teach or guide HR professionals in establishing technically sound approach and best practices in understanding the need of staffs in order to eliminate issues of retaining employees as well as other concerns. High-Turnover to High-Retention, n. d. ). Referral programs can also help employees in their performance because in this way they may not only recommend someone who they know but also they earn extra in every referral they do. The following are the most common reason why these program is being uses: Lessen your recruitment spend, Increase candidate fit your company and teams, capitalize on quality and volume in your talent pipeline, Reduce employee turnover, and lastly, Create a sustainable recruitment strategy by empowering your employees to refer

Jack London †to his wife Essay

Once Charles Child Walcutt described Jack London as a steamer, which â€Å"was supposed to have more power than any man dared use, but it was also known to run out of steam halfway up a long hill; and everybody knows that it was a trial to start and a constant threat to explode†(Charles Child Walcutt. 1956. American Literary Naturalism: A Divided Stream. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, p. 87). Yet in 1906, when the book â€Å"White Fang† was published, the writer still demonstrated tremendous vigor in enchanting reader’s by the set of his ideas. Originally a companion volume to â€Å"The Call of the Wild† â€Å"White Fang† narrates about a wolf who is domesticated through circumstances by a man. London himself wrote of it: â€Å"Life is full of disgusting realism. I know men and women as they are – millions of them yet in the slime state. But I am an evolutionist, therefore a broad optimist, hence my love for the human (in the slime though he be) comes from my knowing him as he is and seeing the divine possibilities ahead of him. That’s the whole motive of my † White Fang . † Every atom of organic life is plastic. The finest specimens now in existence were once all pulpy infants capable of being molded this way or that. Let the pressure be one way and we have atavism – the reversion to the wild; the other the domestication, civilization (Book of Jack London, I, 384. In Walcutt 1956:92)†. In the quotation are acknowledged the bunch of motives – portraying the juxtaposition â€Å"man vs environment†, â€Å"wildness vs civilization†, and â€Å"naturalism vs romanticism†. This is the story about the challenges of growing alone and never experiencing the meaning of love, generosity and care, overcoming so many challenges endured. Driving off the author’s motivation in this very tapescript we’ll analyze the book’s infrastructure, as far as themes, text interpretation and narration techniques are concerned. The aim of the following part is to trace how Jack London’s depiction of White Fang’s life portrays the themes of naturalism, survival of the fittest, romanticism and parallels his own struggles. JACK LONDON MIRROWIMG IN WHITE FANG PAGE #2 DETAILED ANALYSES NATURALISTIC COBCEPTION This piece of work by London represents the evident case of endured naturalistic manner. Generally, naturalism refers to those who viewed life strictly from a scientific approach; in this case that translates to the view that man and other creatures were victims of their heredity and environment. The environmental theme is enrolled in the very first passage with a landscape description. It thrustingly combines â€Å"a foreboding animism with a sinister desolation (Brittany Nelson. http://www. gradesaver. com/ClassicNotes/Titles/white/fullsumm. html. October 29, 2000)†. – Dark spruce forest frowned on either side the frozen waterway. The trees had been stripped by a recent wind of their white covering of frost, and they seemed to lean toward each other, black and ominous, in the fading light. A vast silence reigned over the land. The land itself was a desolation, lifeless, without movement, so lone and cold that the spirit of it was not even that of sadness. There was a hint in it of laughter, but of a laughter more terrible than any sadness – a laughter that was mirthless as the smile of the Sphinx, a laughter cold as the frost and partaking of the grimness of infallibility. It was the masterful and incommunicable wisdom of eternity laughing at the futility of life and the effort of life. It was the Wild, the savage, frozen-hearted Northland Wild. (Jack London. White Fang. http://www. gradesaver. com/ClassicNotes/Titles/white/fullsumm. html. October 29, 2000) The mood is shown through the covetous gamma of colors, simile (â€Å"smile of the Sphinx†) and personification i. e. (prosopopoeia). Wild is ruled by the death principle: â€Å"Life is an offense to it, for life is movement: and the Wild aims always to destroy movement. It freezes the water to prevent it running to the sea: it drives the sap out of the trees till they are frozen to their mighty hearts; and most ferociously and terribly of all does the Wild harry and crush into submission man – man, who is the most restless of life, ever in revolt against the dictum that all movement must in the end come to the cessation of movement (WF)†. Sentences constructed by analogy roll JACK LONDON MIRROWIMG IN WHITE FANG PAGE #3 monotonically, dictating the rhythm. â€Å"Viewed from this bleak cosmic perspective (Brittany Nelson. http://www. gradesaver. com/ClassicNotes/Titles/white/fullsumm. html. October 29, 2000)†, lost for civilization, men are no more than â€Å"puny adventurers pitting themselves against the might of a world as remote and alien and pulseless as the abysses of space specks and motes, moving with weak cunning and little wisdom amidst the play and interplay of the great blind elements and forces (WF). † In London’s story, the terror at the environment is augmented by a number of fine touches. The dogs, for example, disappear silently, lured one by one to their deaths by the cunning of the she-wolf. And she is shown not like flesh-and-bone creature but like something ghostly: – Full into the firelight, with a stealthy, sidelong movement, glided a doglike animal. It moved with commingled mistrust and daring, cautiously observing the men, its attention fixed on the dogs. One Ear strained the full length of the stick toward the intruder and whined with eagerness. (WF) Bill not simply dies out off the scene, but disappears at the desperate sounds of three shots in the place, encircled by the wolf litter. The contrast of a man, Henry, sitting at the fire and darkness with glittering eyes of the beasts produce a breath-taking effect. With the environmental theme in mind, London wrote the novel with biological and social determinism. Donald Pizer in his â€Å"Realism and Naturalism in Nineteenth-Century American Literature† (1984. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, p. 167) says: â€Å"The Call of the Wild and White Fang are companion allegories of the response of human nature to heredity and environment†. JACK LONDON MIRROWIMG IN WHITE FANG PAGE #4 SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST The problem of environment is tightly knotted to the process of â€Å"natural selection†, i. e. the benefit of only the strongest, brightest, and most adaptable elements of a species to survive. In this regard the writer follows H. Spencer: â€Å"I am a hopeless materialist. I see the soul as nothing else than the sum of the activities of the organism plus personal habits, memories, and experiences of the organism (L. S. Friedland. January 25, 1917. Jack London as Titan. Dial, LXII, p. 51)†. The Spencer’s theory was closely linked in London’s mind to Darwin: â€Å"The idea of life as a struggle for survival appealed to him tremendously. Concepts of strength and the purity of an unmixed breed evoke images of savage men who have survived through pure physical strength. London’s heroes are likely to evince this atavism when they are thrust into the struggle for survival under brutal frontier conditions. When such atavistic power surges up, nothing can safely oppose them, and they exult in the glory of it. (Walcutt 1956:90-91)†. This idea is embodied by the character, White Fang. â€Å"He was different from his brothers and sisters† (WF: ch. 3), â€Å"the fiercest of the litter†. Since the eye-openening days White Fang was the one to dare getting closer to the cave entrance. He was the only one of the litter to survive the famine. His strength and intelligence make him the most feared dog in the Indian camp. While defending Judge Scott, White Fang takes three bullets but is miraculously able to continue living. One element of the book, portraying White Fang’s ability to adapt to any new circumstances, is how he learns to fight and to love. â€Å"He had a method of accepting things, without questioning the why and wherefore. In reality, this was the act of classification. He was never disturbed over why a thing happened. How it happened was sufficient for him (WF:Part II, ch. 3). It is in the last section of Part II the homey narrative tone changes as White Fang learns more about the world where â€Å"dog eat dog† – literal and figurative: a hawk digs its sharp talons into the soft flesh of a ptarmigan while the frenzied bird screams in agony. White Fang’s biological heritage discussed in JACK LONDON MIRROWIMG IN WHITE FANG PAGE #5 the first chapters more than symbolic. When in the parts III and IV White Fang’s deepening estrangement from all living things is shown, a nihilistic world of violence and hate steps forward. White Fang becomes the personification of the masculine principle of the demonic wild: â€Å"The outcast† and â€Å"The Enemy of His Kind,† who is â€Å"hated by man and dog† and in turn hates them. Even his name suggests both the demonic white wilderness and the savage Darwinian world governed by the Law of the Meat, the Law of the Fang. – Before, he had hunted in play, for the sheer joyousness of it; now he hunted in deadly earnestness (WF:Part II, ch. 5). – â€Å"Savageness was a part of his make-up, but the savageness thus developed exceeded his make-up. He acquired a reputation for wickedness [†¦] Out of this pack-persecution he learned two important things: how to take care of himself in a mass-fight against him; and how, on a single dog, to inflict the greatest amount of damage in the briefest space of time. To keep one’s feet in the midst of the hostile mass meant life, and this he learned well. He became cat-like in his ability to stay on his feet † (WF:Part III, ch. 3). – â€Å"The months went by. White Fang grew stronger, heavier, and more compact, while his character was developing along the lines laid down by his heredity and his environment. His heredity was a life-stuff that may be likened to clay. It possessed many possibilities, was capable of being moulded into many different forms. Environment served to model the clay, to give it a particular form (WF:Part III:ch. 6)†. Through the usage of metaphor London proves the â€Å"first survivor† law at the example of White Fang, nut, at the same time implies irony, narrating how the creature surrenders himself to the strongest – e. g. to Gray Beaver (â€Å"for the â€Å"possession of flesh-and-blood good,† White Fang† JACK LONDON MIRROWIMG IN WHITE FANG PAGE #6 exchanged his own liberty (WF:Part III, ch. 3). † The wide scope of methods help to project natural laws at the canvas of fictional text. ROMANTICISM The depiction of romanticism in this novel is evident by White Fang’s trust, love and ultimately sacrifice for Weedon Scott and his children. White Fangs pays back. Part V reflects how love can tame natural behavior and instincts: â€Å"White Fang refused to growl. Instead, and after a wistful, searching look, he snuggled in, burrowing his head out of sight between the master’s arm and body (WF:Part V, ch. 1). As White Fang learns to love Weedon Scott, this love produces a desire in the dog to do anything to please his â€Å"love master. † This includes having Weedon’s children climb and play with him, and learning to leave chickens alone, although the taste was extremely pleasing to him. Just as White Fang was tamed by love, Jack London was tamed by love as he began staying away from the whorehouses in San Francisco and trying to overcome a severe drug habit, having been just married. And thus we came to our conclusive part: the parallel between the book and the reality of Jack London’s life. â€Å"†¦ interesting symbol in this novel is the oasis of the campfire (Chapter I) surrounded by the sinister darkness of the wild. This image is a microcosm of the larger landscape; the Northland wilderness as opposed to the grassy estate in the Santa Clara Valley – the â€Å"Southland of life,† in which â€Å"human kindness was like a sun. † Although very naturalistic in his approach to this novel, London received a great deal of criticism for the abrupt ending. When White Fang finally recovers from his injuries, he ventures out into the warm California sun and greats Collie and his new puppies. Instead of ending the novel in the same naturalistic vein he began, London ends White Fang with a distinctively romantic flare (June JACK LONDON MIRROWIMG IN WHITE FANG PAGE #i Howard. 1985. Form and History in American Literary Naturalism. Chapel Hill, NC:University of North Carolina Press, p. 170)†. CONCLUSIONS The novel demonstrates the effects of a change in environment on the creature. Dogs and men are portrayed in some kind as moral symbols, but derived from Jack’s own experience. â€Å"He never stopped fighting, and the struggle with life is no more important to his success than his struggle with ideas. One led to the other, and the battle of ideas dramatizes with extraordinary clarity the confusions and tensions which I have attributed to the divided stream. In the melee, blond beasts, ideas, and supermen drip with blood like White Fang himself (Walcutt 1956:88)†. As Jack was an illegitimate child, forever uncertain as to his father, unloved and hungry throughout his youth, he hoped to found something of a dynasty in his magnificent home called â€Å"Wolf House,† and so he longed for a male heir. â€Å"White Fang† was written during the courtship and marriage of London to Charmian Kittredge and a romantic theme is part of the novel. The man is tames – as well as his personage. In the book â€Å"White Fang was torn by conflicting feelings, impulses. It seemed he would fly to pieces, so terrible was the control he was exerting, holding together by an unwonted indecision the counter forces that struggled within him for mastery. † And so it was with Jack London. Then all went wrong. He only had daughters and these were estranged from him: his house burnt down just as his special ship had foundered; his friends drifted away. It is hard not to feel that those counter forces which harassed White Fang also undermined that prodigy of lonely energy, Jack London– or â€Å"Wolf† as he insisted his wife should call him. â€Å"He was able to flourish within and finally to rise above the hard conditions of his early life; and the fact that he gloried in the JACK LONDON MIRROWIMG IN WHITE FANG PAGE memory of his early adventures shows to some extent how he saw himself as embodying the bone-crushing vitality which he continually celebrated in his stories. He saw everything from farming through fighting to reading in heroic terms, and this side of his character is not without its ludicrous aspects: he could not help being self-conscious about his manliness (Susan M. Nuernberg ed. 1995. The Critical Response to Jack London. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, p. 89)†. LIST OF REFERENCES 1. Charles Child Walcutt. 1956. American Literary Naturalism: A Divided Stream. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 2. Brittany Nelson.

The Only Actual Science You Need to Know for ACT Science

The Only Actual Science You Need to Know for ACT Science SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While youmay have been toldyou need zero science knowledge to answer any ACT Science questions, this is NOT true. There are typically around four questions per test that you cannot answer without previous background knowledge.That's the difference between a 31 and a 36 on the Science section! In this article, I willgive an overview of the 13 topics that will NOT be explained in the ACT Science passages that the ACT expects you to know. The ACT assumes you know these topics from school and science class. To gather this info, I dissected dozens of previous ACT Science test sections to find the concepts you have to know. As far as we can tell, we're the only ones who have taken the time to research this. If you've gotten bad grades in science classes in school, this article will give you a refresher on the only concepts you need to know. Reminder: If you haven't already, check out our Ultimate Study Guide for ACT Science.It contains dozens of ACT Science guides going into every question type tested, strategies to tackle the questions, and how you should be organizing your prep to raise your score. In order to best answer this question of what science you actually need to know for the ACT Science section, I am going tostart with what topics the ACT says the Science section covers. According to the ACT makers, "The content of the Science Test includes biology, chemistry, physics, and the Earth/spacesciences (for example, geology, astronomy, and meteorology).† So much information. Do You Need to Be a Science Expert to Succeed on ACT Science? No, and even the ACT makers admit that â€Å"Advanced knowledge in these subjects is not required, but background knowledge acquired in general, introductory science courses is needed to answer some of the questions. The test emphasizes scientific reasoning skills over recall of scientific content, skill in mathematics, or reading ability.† Why Don’t You Need Expert Knowledge? In the ACT Science passages, they give you the majority of the information you need to answer the questions.They explain most of the terms within the passage. See for yourself inthis example passage, from a free ACT online practice test: You can see in this passage they give you definitions for most of the terms: refracted, seismograph, focus, shadowzone, the types of seismic waves, the difference between p and s waves. How Much BackgroundKnowledge Do You Need to Answer Most ACT Science Questions? Very little. Most of the questions can be answered using your knowledge of reading graphs and charts.Check out our article on the types of ACT Science Passages for more information about this strategy. For the questions that you can’t answer with the visuals, you can usually figure them out by reading the passage. However, there will be times you can't find the answer in the passage- and that's what we're discussing in this article. What Information Will Not Be Given in the Passage? As I mentioned earlier, there are typically around four questions per test that you cannot answer without previous knowledge.In my study of old ACT Science sections, I have found a total of 13 topics spanning biology, chemistry, physics, and math (yes, math) that you need to know. Here is the overview. I'll go into more depth on each topic below. Biology Cell Biology DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes Natural Selection Chemistry Basic Molecule Structure Freezing/Boiling Point of Water in Celsius pH Scale Molar Mass Concepts How Charges Interact Phase Changes Physics Gravity Density Formula Density Rules Math Basic Math Skills The basic overviews that I present below should be all you need toknow for the test, but I provide links to more in-depth explanations if you would like to do more reading. In our first topic, Cell Biology, you'll also see the first example of a question that you wouldn't be able to answer without prior knowledge, even after reading the passage. Knowledge Subject 1: Biology Topic 1: Cell Biology You need to know certaincell organelles (parts of cells), their functions, and whether they are found in animal or plant cells. Animal Cell Structure Lysosomes hold enzymes. Lysosomes digest food or break down the cell when it dies. Mitochondria are organelles that act like a digestive system, which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy-rich molecules (ATP) for the cell. The cell nucleus acts asthe brain of the cell. It contains the cell's DNA, or the genetic information, from which proteins are made (see Topic 2, coming up next). It also helps control eating, movement, and reproduction. Chloroplasts only exist in plant cells and assist in the process of photosynthesis, converting light into energy (which only plants do, not animals). The cell membraneholdsall of the pieces of the cell and serves as the barrier between the cell and other cells. Belowis a sample question where you need an understanding of these organelles to select the correct answer. The chemical reaction mentioned in the passage was photosynthesis. Knowingthat photosynthesis happens inchloroplasts, I can correctly choose answer F. But nowhere in the passage was it said that chloroplasts are where photosynthesis happens! This is a fact you had to know before the test. While there are many other organelles, the ones listed above and ribosomes (which I will cover in the next topic) should be the only organelles you need to know for the test. Also, you should not need to know any other information about these organelles. If you would like to do more reading on these topics, click here. Topic 2: DNA, RNA, Ribosomes, and Protein Synthesis DNA contains the genetic information needed for making proteins (protein synthesis). Protein synthesisinvolves DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and proteins. DNA acts as the blueprint for protein production. The Process of Protein Synthesis Messenger RNA (known as mRNA) makes a copy of the sequence of DNA of a specific gene. This process is known as transcription and happens in the nucleus. Once the mRNA is made, it leaves the nucleus and enters the cytosol of the cell. Ribosomes use mRNA as aguide to make protein of the same amino acid sequence as the original DNA.The process of producing protein from the mRNA is referred to as translation. So, the process of protein synthesis consists of two steps: DNA to mRNA transcription and mRNA to protein translation.If you would like to read a more detailed summary, click here. Topic 3: Natural Selection Natural selection is also known as 'survival of the fittest.' In a specific environment, traits that allow organisms to reproduce more effectively will become more common, and traits that reduce reproductive success will become less common. A classic example of this is the change in peppered moth color during the industrial revolution. In England, the burning of coal during the industrial changed tree bark from light brown to dark brown in color. The peppered moth blended in perfectly and was hidden from predators.However, once clean air acts were passed, the trees quickly returned to a lighter color, making the dark moths easily visible to predators. Meanwhile, lighter colored moths were still hidden from view and survived to lay eggs. Thus, because of natural selection, over the course of years, the moths turned from dark to light in color!Click here for more information. The Strong Survive, the Weak Hang On Knowledge Subject 2: Chemistry Topic 4: Basic Molecule Structure The ACT Science section expects you to know the basic molecular structure of sugar, fat, protein, and nucleic acids. C6H12O6is the basic sugar molecule structure (for more on sugar molecules, click here). There are many different kids of fats: saturated, unsaturated, trans (you may have seen this on nutrition labels). The test does not expect you to know each structure. You only need to know that fatsare made up of C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), and O (Oxygen), and to differentiate fats from sugar, fats have nearly twice the number of H as C and a very small number of O. Fats are much bigger in size than sugar (for more information on fat molecules, click here). For example,an unsaturated fat triglyceride has a chemical formula ofC55H98O6. Proteins are composed of amino acids (as I mentioned in the above section on protein synthesis, proteins are made based on the original DNA sequence). There are many different protein structures, but all proteins contain C, H, O and N (Nitrogen). Click for more information on proteins and amino acids. Nucleic acids are biomolecules. Two types of nucleic acids that we already discussed are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are made up of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids are different from Sugar, Fat, and Proteins becausethey aremade up of P (Phosphorus) and N in addition to C, H, and O. For more information on nucleic acids, click here. Here is a sample question from the ACT: In order to answer this question, you need to look atthis equation from the passage: You then see that the Carbon from the originalCO2becomes a part ofC6H12O6.However, you need to know thatC6H12O6is a sugar molecule to get the correct answer G. Once again, the ACT expects that you know how photosynthesis works, and what the chemical formula for sugar is! You wouldn't be able to get this information from the passage. Topic #5:Freezing/Boiling Point of Water in Celsius Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils at 100 degrees Celsius. That is all you need to know. Memorize those numbers. For more information, click here. Topic 6: pH Scale A pH scale is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. While the pH scale formally measures the activity of hydrogen ions in a substance or solution, it is typically approximated as the concentration of hydrogen ions. All you need to know is that a pH of below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic, and at 7 is considered neutral. Fun fact: the beverage Coke has a pH of 2.50 while drinking water typically has a pH of 7.00, and hand soap has a pH of around 10. Coke's very acidic! For more information, click here. Topic 7:Molar Mass Concepts Remember the periodic table? Don't worry- you don't need to memorize molar weights of elements. The only molar mass concept you need to know is that the mass of a molecule is the sum of the mass of its atoms. This appears in an ACT question asking aboutoxygen's weight versuscarbon dioxide's weight. You need to know thatO2is lighter per molecule thanCO2because CO2has an extra Carbon atom compared to oxygen. Check out this ACT Science question: In order to answer this question, you need to use this figure from the passage as well as your outside knowledge. Figure 2 shows that the pressure exerted byO2was greater, eliminating answer choices F and G.However, nothing in the passage tells you if there are moreO2molecules per gram orCO2molecules per gram.You nowknow thatO2is lighter per molecule than CO2, sothe answer is J. For more information aboutO2versus CO2, click here. Topic 8: How Charges Interact Atoms are composed of three types of particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other. For example, two positive charges will repel each other while a positive and a negative charge will attract. For more information, click here. Topic 9:Phase Changes I already mentioned the freezing and boiling point of water in Celsius, but you also need to know the order of phase changes. Below freezing point, a material will be in solid form, just above freezing point a material will be in liquid form, above boiling point, liquid becomes gas (is vaporized). One natural way to think about this is in terms of water. When it's really cold, it turns to ice (solid). When it warms up, it turns to liquid. Then, when you boil it, it turns to steam (gas). For more information, click here. Want to learn more about ACT Science? Check out our new ACT Science prep book. If you liked this lesson, you'll love our book. It includes everything you need to know to ace ACT Science, including deep analysis of the logic behind ACT Science questions, a full breakdown of the different passage and question types, and tons of expert test-taking and study tips. Download our full-length prep book now: Knowledge Subject 3: Physics Topic 10:Gravity You need to know thatgravity is a downward force that acts on objects, and other forces (such as a spring or pulley) can counteract gravity. This will come up a lot in passages that show experiments using springs or pulleys. For more on gravity, click here. Topic 11:Density Formula Density is the degree of compactness of a substance. To calculate the density of a substance, you use the formula: Density = mass/volume For more information on density, mass, and volume, click here. Topic 12:Density Rules You need to know more about density than just the formula. You need to know the main density rule. Denser objects sink, and less dense objects float.Objects only float when they are less dense than the liquid they are placed in. An easy way to think about this: what happens when you throw a rock into water? It sinksthat's because the rock is denser than water, meaning it weighs more for the same volume. What about when you throw a styrofoam cup onto water? It floats- because styrofoam is less dense than water. For the same volume, styrofoam weighs a lot less than water. For more on this rule, click here. Knowledge Subject 4: Math Topic 13: Basic Math Skills You are not allowed to use your calculator on the science section. Yet, there are problems that require math skills like the one below. In order to solve this problem, you have to use the given information from the passage that Algol C is a 1.7 solar-mass MS Star.Then, you have to multiply 1.7 by the mass of the sun (solar-mass) given to you in the question, 2.0 x 10^30.You need to be able to do basic multiplication. 1.7 x 2.0 x 10^30= 3.4 X 10^30, so the answer is C. In order to refresh your basic math skills, I suggest during your practice to attempt some of the easier ACT Math Section questions (the first 15 questions) without using your calculator. And that's it!By knowing these concepts, you'll be able to answer any basic science question the ACT throws at you. If any of these concepts are unfamiliar to you, review them and brush off the cobwebs- you won't need to know the details beyond what's in this article, but it won't hurt to get more attuned to the science topics. What’s Next? Now that you know the basic science for ACT science, it's time to tackle the rest of the science section.Check out our article about the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages.Learnthe big secret of ACT Scienceandthe best way to read ACT Science passages. Reminder: If you haven't already, check out ourUltimate Study Guide For ACT Science.It contains dozens of ACT Science guides going into every question type tested, strategies to tackle the questions, and how you should be organizing your prep to raise your score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Kaminski Surname Meaning and Origin

Kaminski Surname Meaning and Origin From the root kamien, meaning stone or rock, the popular Polish last name Kaminski means one who came from a rocky place, or was sometimes an occupational surname for a person who works with rock, such as a stone carver or someone who worked in a quarry. Alternatively, the Kaminski surname may be locational in origin, indicating that the person originally came from any one of dozens of Polish villages named Kamien (meaning rocky place), or from one of the various places named Kamin or  Kaminka in Ukraine, or  Kamionka in Poland.  Kaminsky is a common  anglicization of the KamiÅ„ski surname. Kaminski is among the 50 most common Polish surnames.   Surname Origin: Polish Alternate Surname Spellings:  KAMINSKY, KAMINSKY, KAMIENSKI, KAMIENSKI, KAMIENSKY, KAMIENSKY, KAMENSKI, KAMENSKY Where do People with the Surname KAMINSKI Live? According to WorldNames publicprofiler, individuals with the Kaminski last name are most commonly found in Poland, with the greatest concentration in the northeastern regions, including  Podlaskie,  Kujawsko-Pomorskie, and WarmiÅ„sko-Mazurskie. The Polish-specific surname distribution map on  moikrewni.pl calculates the population distribution of surnames down to the district level, finding Kaminski to be most common in Bydgoszcz, followed by  Starogard Gdanski,  Chojnice,  Bytow,  New TomyÅ›l,  Tarnowskie Mountains,  Torun,  Srem,  Tuchola  and  InowrocÅ‚aw. Famous People with the Surname KAMINSKI Marek KamiÅ„ski -  Polish polar explorer, author, entrepreneurJanusz Kaminski -  Academy Award-winning cinematographer and directorAvrom-Yitskhok Kaminski - Yiddish actor and theater directorHeinrich Kaminski - German composerHeinz Kaminski - German space researcher and chemical engineerAdolfo Kaminsky - French WWI resistance fighter and document forgerBohdan Kaminskà ½ - Czech poet and translator Genealogy Resources for the Surname KAMINSKI A Kaminsky Family GenealogyGenealogy research into an extended Kaminsky family, with information on over 8,000 different individuals. Kaminski Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Kaminski surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Kaminski surname query. FamilySearch - KAMINSKI GenealogyAccess over 370,000 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Kaminski surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. KAMINSKI Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Kaminski surname and variations such as  Kaminsky, Kamenski, and Kamensky. DistantCousin.com - KAMINSKI Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Kaminski. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Big Four Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Big Four - Essay Example They founded Central Pacific in 1861. They were also responsible for starting the American transcontinental line. Construction of the rail began in Sacramento, California, in 1863 which reached south to Arizona in 1877. The Central Pacific met the Union Pacific at Promontory, Utah, in May 1869. Stanford was born on March 9 1824, and he passed on June 21, 1893. He was an American mogul, industrialist, politician and forefather of Stanford University. He remade himself in gold rush era in California as a merchant. He left the Midwest to become a partner in a wholesale grocery industry created by his brothers. He was slow to speak, a deliberate thinker, and he was characterized by a steady nature that repeatedly provoked his railroad partners. Stanford headed east to lobby for the undertaking and gain biased support for his gubernatorial tender. Stanford appointed Theodore Judah and Doc Strong as nominating committee, and, perhaps swayed by his political gravity, they in turn named Stanford president. It was a insignificant to company mastermind Huntington, who had to settle for vice president and the beginning of bad blood that estranged him from Stanford and drove Judah away from the Central Pacific. Bad choices cost Stanford his governors office by the end of his first term- characteristic was his May decision to appoint business partner E. B. Crocker to the California Supreme Court.Political position had allowed him to funnel state money to the railroad; free from the responsibilities of office, Stanford turned his full attention to railroad duties. In 1868 he signed a million-dollar draft without their consultation, making the company captive to the Bank of California Collis P. Huntington was born in 1821 and passed on in the 1900. He went to California in1849 on news about gold. He had an uncanny intelligence for buying and selling. There he became a partner with Mark Hopkins in a successful wholesale-retail firm that specialized in miners’

ACCOUNTING PROJECT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ACCOUNTING PROJECT - Term Paper Example Machine rate is the summation of fixed, operating, and labor costs. The costs of operating the machines and the labor utilized in the production runs keep on fluctuating (Nobles et al., 162). The relationship between machine hours and total costs is positive since the coefficient of X is a positive value (+0.0173). However, the relationship is weak since the value of R2 is 0.24642 that is evidently between 0.0 and 0.25. The costs of running the machines are +0.0173 (number of machine hours) and a fixed cost of +2747.7. As the number of machine hors increases, total costs increase due to additional costs such as maintenance and depreciation expenses. In production, total cost is a summation of marginal costs and fixed cost. Normally, total costs increase as more units are produced up to a certain point where maximum productivity is attained (Nobles et al., 96). Total costs and units produced have a have a positive relationship (coefficient of X is +0.0178). The relationship is fair since the value of R2 is +0.33713. Total costs and units produced vary in most cases due to changes in efficiency of machines and factory

Service Delivery System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Service Delivery System - Essay Example The service delivery systems are linked from the manufacturing process to the distributing process. This system looks after the every aspect for delivering the goods or services with the consumer satisfaction as the main goal. The service delivery system works as a link between the producer and the consumer. The goods which are being monitored by this system may be the goods, jobs, technologies or software too. There is no limit for the working of the service delivery system. In every industry, the efficient service delivery system is required to look after the delivery issue of the services offered by that particular industry to their clients. The service delivery system examines the input as well as the output in the industry or organization. It takes feedback of the customers and tries to solve their problems. Then these problems are taken into account to remove these problems future. This system leads stress on the choice and requirement of the consumer.

The Functional Requirement Of Cladding System Essay

The Functional Requirement Of Cladding System Essay Strength and Stability A wall structure should have adequate strength to support its own weight between points of support or fixing to the structural frame, and sufficient stability against lateral wind pressures. To allow for differential movements, there has to be adequate support to carry the weight of the wall structure, and also restraint fixings that will maintain the wall in position and at the same time allow differential movements without damage to either the fixings or the wall material. Thin sheet wall materials such as GRP, metal and glass suffer rapid changes in temperature and consequent expansion and contraction which may cause distortion and damage to fixings or the thin panel material or both. In the design of wall structure faced with thin panel or sheet material, the ideal arrangement is to provide only one rigid support fining to each panel or sheet with one other flexible support fixing and two flexible restraint fixings. The need to provide support and restraint fixings with adequate flexibility to allow for thermal movement and at the same time adequately restrain the facing in place and maintain a weather tight joint has been the principal difficulty in the use of thin panel and sheet facings. Resistance to weather/exclusion of wind and rain The least thickness of solid wall material necessary to prevent penetration of rainwater to the inner face depends on the degree of exposure to driving rain. Common practice is to construct a cavity wall adequate thermal resistance to the passage of heat, and an attractive finish. Common practice is to construct solid cladding systems with an outer leaf of light weight block for insulation. Material used to seal joints is required to be resilient enough to accommodate movement and resist weather deterioration. The rain screen principle is designed to provide a separate outer skin, to screen wall panels from scouring by wind and rain and deterioration by sunlight, and to improve the life and efficient of the joint seals. Durability and freedom from maintenance The durability of a wall structure is a measure of the frequency and extent of the work necessary to maintain minimum functional requirements and acceptable appearance. For example, masonry required a little maintenance because the dirt stained due to slow run-off of water from open horizontal joints. Panels of glass will maintain their finish over the expected life of buildings but will require frequent cleaning of the surface if they are to maintain their initial appearance, and periodic attention to and renewal of the seals. Another material that can be used is metal. bronze and stainless steel, both materials, will weather by the formation of a thin film of oxide that is impermeable and prevents further oxidation. Fire safety/fire Resistance Primary precautions are the internal spread of fire across the surface materials of the wall and ceilings, external fire spread over the fabric and fire spread such as cavities. The Building Regulations prohibit the use of materials that encourage spread of flame across their surface when subject to intense radiant heat and those which give off heat when burning. Limits of using thermoplastic materials in roof lights and lighting diffusers set in Building Regulation. To limit the spread of fire between buildings, limits to the size of unprotected areas of walls. The term unprotected area is used to include those parts of external walls that may contribute to the spread of the fire between buildings such as windows. The Regulations also limit the use of materials of roof coverings near a boundary that will not provide adequate protection against the spread of fire over their surfaces. Resistance to the passage of heat/thermal property Addition insulation need to be provided by lining of the cladding material. The interiors of building clad with large areas of glass may gain through large part or the whole of their internal heat from a combination of solar heat gain through glass cladding and from internal artificial lighting. Solar heat gain can be controlled through the use of simple shading devices fixed externally or internally to the building fabric. Control of internal temperatures As we know, solar is gain through glass panel. The thermal control can be achieved by deep recessed window used in conjunction with external vertical fins, non-transparent external louvers and used of special solar control glass. Another way is minimized the air leakage in the building. We need to maintain the temperature in the building like the concept of green house effect that can traps the heat in the building in the cool day. Resistance to the passage of sound/sound insulation There are several ways to overcome this problem. Firstly, used the resilient pad to prevent sound originating within the structure to be transferred vertically through cladding members. Airbone soung can be prevented by utilizing double glazing panel to window area. B) A client requires a road that requires little maintenance with reasonable non-skid properties. With the aid of diagramme, suggest a type of road and the construction methodology for the proposed used. A client requires a road that requires little maintenance with reasonable non-skid properties. With the aid of diagramme, suggest a type of road and the construction methodology for the proposed used. Type of Road: Flexible Road Sub-grade: original soil or backfilling soil Sub base: small aggregates. The surface of the compacted sub-base should be close textured to prevent migration of sand from the bedding course. Example: sand or quarry dust. Road base: crusher run Surfacing : pre-mix bituminous. Prime coat as binder of particles. Construction Methodology Site Clearing Right of way The corridor of the road has to be cleared to the required width (prevention of soil erosion) Make sure that the accessibility of the road is permitted legally. Clearing and grubbing of the site Using dozer or grader for the works. The hedges and grass roots can be removed by using dozer. Grader is usually for grubbing works where the topsoil needs not to remove form site Cut and fill of the road Cutting: Formation level is lower than original ground level. Filling: Formation level is higher than original level. Preparation of sub grade layer Make sure that the base and subgrade layers must provide adequate and moisture resistant strength and modulus, in addition to durability and stability. Before subgrade can start, make sure the installation of services has finished such as ground surface drainage, piping for water supply and electrical. Subgrade is started and compacted until reaching uniform density for the whole width and to falls. Replaced the unsuitable material such as rock or not useful soil. Subgrade, and base materials frequently require treatment with additives such as asphalt, cement, fly ash, and lime.   Should have unsoaked C.B.R (California bearing ratio) of 15% in the subgrade. CBR is a penetration test for evaluation of the mechanical strength  of  road  subgrades Preparation of sub base 300mm thick of sand/quarry dust. Compacted with 8-10 tonne smooth wheeled roller at 125mm layer 12 times. Rolling start from one side of the road to the center of road in horizontal direction by using roller-compactor. Road base construction Constructed into two layers with same thickness with each layer not more than 150mm thick. Materials (crusher run) leveled following chambers. Lastly, using compactor to compact the mixing tar of the road. Surfacing Construction the graded subgrade or the top granular base layer may be prepared with a prime coat A prime coat is a sprayed application of a cutback (MC-30 or MC-70) or emulsion asphalt applied to the surface of untreated subgrade or base layers.   The size of the premix: 12.5mm to 19mm Compaction should be done quickly Underseal which is a sprayed application of asphalt binder (emulsion or hot applied asphalt binder) immediately covered by a layer of one-sized aggregate. The last step is Road surface marking by using white paints. C) Describe the performance and specify of the material that can be used to fill the void of disused structures e.g. culverts, redundant sewers, cellars and basements and also for soil stabilization, e.g. bridge abutments tunnel stabilization and embarkments. Describe the performance and specify of the material that can be used to fill the void of disused structures e.g. culverts, redundant sewers, cellars and basements and also for soil stabilization, e.g. bridge abutments tunnel stabilization and embarkments. Materials used: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Developed in Sweden in the late 1920s, autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC) is a lightweight precast concrete building material that is cured under elevated pressure inside special kilns called autoclaves. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (often shortened to AAC) is effectively concrete with lots of closed air pockets in it. It is lightweight and energy efficient, and is produced by adding a foaming agent to concrete in a mould, then wire cutting blocks or panels from the resulting cake, and cooking it with steam (autoclaving). Performance Appearance It contains many small voids (similar to those in aerated chocolate bars) that can be clearly seen when looked at closely. The closed air pockets contribute to the materials insulating properties and also its aerated nature. Although there is no direct path for water to pass through the material, an appropriate coating is required to prevent water penetrating into the AAC material. AAC can be sculpted with wood working tools, but its softness means that it is rarely used as an exposed finish owing to its need for surface protection. Structural Capability The compressive strength of AAC is very good and load-bearing structures up to three storeys high can be safely erected. Entire building structures can be made in AAC from walls to floors and roofing with reinforced lintels, blocks and floor, wall and roofing panels available from the manufacturers. AAC panels and lintels contain integral steel reinforcement to ensure structural adequacy during installation and design life. Thermal mass With its mixture of lightweight concrete and air pockets, AAC has a moderate overall level of thermal mass performance. The temperature moderating thermal mass is most useful in climates with high cooling needs. Sound insulation With its closed air pockets, AAC can providevery good sound insulation. As with all masonry construction, care must be taken to avoid gaps and unfilled joints that can allow unwanted sound transmission. Combining the AAC wall with an insulated asymmetric cavity system will provide a wall with excellent sound insulation properties. Fire resistance AAC is inorganic and incombustible and is thus especially suited for fire-rated applications. Depending on the application and the thickness of the blocks or panels, fire ratings up to four hours can be achieved. AAC does not harbour or encourage vermin (ulat). Durability and moisture resistance The purposely lightweight nature of AAC makes it liable to impact damage. With the surface protected to resist moisture penetration it is not affected by harsh climatic conditions and will not degrade under normal atmospheric conditions. The porous nature of the material can allow moisture to penetrate the material to a depth but appropriate design (damp proof coarse layers and appropriate coating systems) prevents this happening. AAC will not easily degrade structurally when exposed to moisture. Toxicity and Breathability There are no toxic substances and no odour in the final product. If low toxic, vapour permeable coatings are used on the walls and care is taken not to trap moisture where it can condense, AAC may be an ideal material for homes for the chemically sensitive. Environment Impact AAC has manufacturing, embodied energy and GH emission impacts similar to those of concrete, but can be up to one quarter to one fifth that of concrete based on volume. Its much higher insulation value reduces heating and cooling energy consumption. As an energy and material investment it can often be justified for buildings intended to have a long life. Buildability, availability and cost AAC is relatively easy to work, is light and easily carved, cut and sculpted. Very large block sizes may require two-handed lifting and be awkward to handle but can result in fewer joints and more rapid construction. Low waste component, as the offcuts can be re-used in the construction of the wall. *Figure show the principle of heat insulation and sound insulation D) Briefly describe the activities involved in external works at the start of the contract. Briefly describe the activities involved in external works at the start of the contract. External work is means by the work or the construction is carried out outside of the building or the work generally done externally from main building. At the contract commencement, there are many types of external work can be carry out such as drainage, temporary access, temporary storage, temporary car parks, temporary site facilities, and public utilities such as water, electricity and telecom. Those external works must be prepared before the construction can be started. Most of the activities will span the whole contract period but bulk of activities will fall under early stages of construction and toward the end of the construction. In early stages of construction, there are many external work s need to prepare. For examples, drainage main runs, access arrangement, storage facilities, car parks, place to settle the machinery for foundation construction, and services to the construction sites. The first activities involves in external works at the start of the contract is drainage system. There are two categories of drainage which are surface drainage and sub-surface drainage. Surface drainage is the removal and disposal of water from the surface of the pavement. Whereas sub-surface drainage is the use of underground pipes and other fittings to corect the flow of water from where it is not wanted to some other place. This includes land drainage that removing and disposing of surplus groundwater from gardens, fields and other plots of open land. A subsurface drain is a perforated conduit, such as tile, pipe or tubing, installed below the ground surface to intercept, collect or convey drainage water. *The picture show the surface drainage and sub-surface drainage Besides drainage that need to take consider in the early stages of external work, temporary access also an importance in construction site. Ususally, a geotextile is used as a temporary road access. A geotextile is a synthetic permeable textile material used with soil, rock, or any other material. Geotextiles extend the service life of roads, increase their load-carrying capacity, and reduce the incidence of ruts. These benefits are accomplished by separating aggregate structural layers from subgrade soil while allowing the passage of water. Geotextiles should be considered for use on any section of road requiring an aggregate (rock) layer for surfacing. Geotextiles can reduce the amount of aggregate required, thus reducing the cost of the road, as well as providing the benefits described in the previous paragraph. * The picture show how the geotexile work. Next, temporary site storage and car park (empty area) also consider as external work that need to prepare in construction site. The uses of the temporary site storage is to keep important material or the expensive material. For example, the cement which cannot put outside space, it must be covered by the roof to avaid raining. The cement also need to keep in a dry place because it is easily chemically react with water. Car park or empty area also need in construction site because it is for the lorry to loading or unloading the things for the construction. Car parks also need for the site manager or outsides visitor to keep their vehicle. * The picture show the temporary car park at the site of construction Apart from that, at the commencement for external works, public utilities such as water supply, electricity and telecom also need to prepare in the site of construction. The piping work must be installated at early stage of external work in order to easy the work. The electricity supply need for the lighting, and machinery used. Telecom is used for the communication purposes.